REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH – GENERAL REFLEXOLOGY
2023
Video Discussion of Reflexology MRI Research Study currently being conducted. Researchers: Barbara & Kevin Kunz, Stefan Posse moderated by Tracey Smith, AoR. July 2023.
Scientists Use Functional MRI to Validate Reflexology Tenets. Article by Barbara Kunz, Reflexology Research Project. Pub. by PRWeb.
Results support a contention by Kunz and Kunz that reflexology's stimulation of pressure to the feet, by definition, communicates with and creates change in the body's homeostasis. The rationale is that in order to walk the body must see itself and fuel itself. The fMRI study demonstrates an actual mechanism with the body to explain such a theory.
Foot Reflexology: Recent Research Trends and Prospects. by Deng-Chuan Cai, Ching-Yun Chen, Ting-Yun Lo. Pub. by Healthcare 2023, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010009.
Foot reflexology practitioners are continuing to study the pathological characteristics of the foot in relation to various parts of the body while exploring the fluency and precision of the techniques being used. It is also expected that the concept of foot reflexology will be introduced to family members to protect the health of the whole family and to provide physical and psychological relief to patients with serious clinical conditions. Furthermore, this study aimed to bring more attention to the use of foot reflexology as a Complementary and Alternative Medicine modality in preventive medicine in the future. These healthcare methods can become a part of people’s lives and give them a more solid, comprehensive, and healthy sustainable life value.
2022
ANXIETY, FATIGUE, CANCER
Foot Reflexology: Recent Research Trends and Prospects. By Deng-Chuan Cai, Ching-Yun Chen, Ting-Yun Lo. Pub. by Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 20;11(1):9. PMID: 36611469 PMCID: PMC9819031 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010009
Foot reflexology has been shown to have a moderating effect on anxiety, fatigue, and cancer, and is a topic of ongoing and future research. This study uses this bibliometric analysis of foot reflexology literature to provide an overview of prior knowledge and a reference direction for modern preventive medicine.
CANCER, NEW MEDICAL GUIDELINES
New Complementary Therapy Guidelines for Cancer Pain From ASCO, SIO. By Jamie DePolo, Pub. by Breastcancer.org.
Integrative Medicine for Pain Management in Oncology: Society for Integrative Oncology–ASCO Guideline. By Jun J. Mao , MD, MSCE1; Nofisat Ismaila , MD, MSc2; Ting Bao , MD1; Debra Barton , PhD3; Eran Ben-Arye , MD4; Eric L. Garland, PhD5; Heather Greenlee , ND, PhD6; Thomas Leblanc , MD7; Richard T. Lee , MD8; Ana Maria Lopez , MD9; Charles Loprinzi , MD10; Gary H. Lyman , MD, MPH6; Jodi MacLeod , BA11; Viraj A. Master, MD, PhD12; Kavitha Ramchandran, MD13; Lynne I. Wagner , PhD14; Eleanor M. Walker, MD15; Deborah Watkins Bruner , PhD12; Claudia M. Witt , MD, MBA16; and Eduardo Bruera , MD17
RESULTS The literature search identified 227 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline.
RECOMMENDATIONS Among adult patients, acupuncture should be recommended for aromatase inhibitor–related joint pain. Acupuncture or reflexology or acupressure may be recommended for general cancer pain or musculoskeletal pain. Hypnosis may be recommended to patients who experience procedural pain. Massage may be recommended to patients experiencing pain during palliative or hospice care. These recommendations are based on an intermediate level of evidence, benefit outweighing risk, and with moderate strength of recommendation. The quality of evidence for other mind-body interventions or natural products for pain is either low or inconclusive. There is insufficient or inconclusive evidence to make recommendations for pediatric patients. More research is needed to better characterize the role of integrative medicine interventions in the care of patients with cancer.
'Reflexology: Exploring the mechanism of action'. By Judith Whatley, Joanne Perkins, Carol Samuel. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2022 Aug;48:101606. PMID: 35613519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101606
A deeper understanding of the mechanism of action for reflexology may help to further develop research into safety and efficacy. Such an understanding may lead to the integration of knowledge which may provide both symptomatic support and longer term preventative health benefits.
2021
PP222 Efficacy and Safety of Foot Reflexology. By Mª del Mar Trujillo-Martín, Tasmania Del Pino.Sedeño, Beatriz Leon-salas, Javier García García, Néstor Benitez Brito, Asunción Gaitán Gonzalez, Leticia Rodríguez Rodríguez, Inmaculada Guerrero Fernández de Alba, Pedro Serrano Aguilar. Journal: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 37 / Issue S1 / December 2021
There was no evidence for any specific effect of reflexology for any condition when compared with non-reflexological foot massage, except for a positive effect on anxiety levels.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine by adults with allergies: a Czech national representative survey. By Pokladnikova J, Park AL, Draessler J, Lukacisinova A, Krcmova I. Pub. by BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021 Jun 14;21(1):171. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03316-z. PMID: 34126974;
The prevalence of CAM use among people with self-reported allergies in the Czech Republic is higher compared to other countries, with determinants of CAM varying across specific CAM categories. More attention to existing use is needed to promote the healthy adoption of CAM by raising awareness of its safe and effective use, both for CAM users as well as for health care providers.
Analysis of fertility clinic marketing of complementary therapy add-ons. By Stein J, Harper JC. Pub. by Reprod Biomed Soc Online. 2021 May 6;13:24-36. doi: 10.1016/j.rbms.2021.04.001. PMID: 34141907; PMCID: PMC8184408.
Fertility clinic websites should provide accurate information for patients for complementary therapy add-ons. HFEA should add acupuncture and reflexology to their traffic-light system with amber and red ratings, respectively.
Midwives knowledge and education/training in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): A national survey. By Lyndall Mollart, Virginia Stulz, Maralyn Foureur. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Volume 45, 2021, 101473. ISSN 1744-3881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101473.
This is the first national survey exploring Australian midwives’ knowledge and education/training in CAM [(acupressure (66.5%), aromatherapy (60.3%), massage (45.5%), and reflexology (37.7%)] modalities. Our findings have significant implications for both clinical care and research. During the childbearing period, women rely on expert advice from midwives and other health professionals. There are no other health-related therapies used by women consumers with such frequency where clinicians are not expected to have baseline knowledge and understanding.
2020
CANCER, PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSICAL EFFECTS, COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
A systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine in oncology: Psychological and physical effects of manipulative and body-based practices. By Calcagni N, Gana K, Quintard B. Pub. by PLoS One. 2019 Oct 17;14(10):e0223564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223564. PMID: 31622362; PMCID: PMC6797104.
These results seem to indicate that manipulative CAM may be effective on symptom management in cancer. However, more robust methodologies are needed. The methodological requirements of randomized controlled trials are challenging, and more informative results may be provided by more pragmatic study design.
BREAST CANCER RELATED LYMPHOEDEMA, THERMAL IMAGING
Using thermal imaging to measure changes in breast cancer-related lymphoedema during reflexology. By Judith Anne Whatley, Sally Kay. Br J Community Nurs.2020 Oct 1; 25(Sup10):S6-S11. PMID: 33030372 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.Sup10.S6
Thus, thermal imaging may be useful in tracking temperature change during treatment for breast cancer-related lymphoedema.
Naum Efimovich Ischlondsky: a forgotten protagonist of the concept of reflexology. By Birk Engmann. Hist Psychiatry. 2020 Sep; 31(3):359-363. PMID: 32308034 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X20913752
Abstract: The present article reports on the life and work of a protagonist of the concept of reflexology.
An Analysis of Experimental Research on Foot Reflexology from Year 2000 to 2020. By Cha N-H. Pub. by Journal of the Korea Convergence Society [Internet]. 2020 Sep 28;11(9):385–93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2020.11.9.385
Results of this study confirmed that foot reflexology therapy was effective in psychological state, physical state, body systems, vital signs, lipids, and blood. Results of this study could be used as basic data for the development of interventional methods of foot reflexology for human health.
2019
CAM INTERVENTIONS, PERIOPERATIVE SYMPTOMS,
Complementary and alternative medicine interventions for perioperative symptoms: A comparative effectiveness study. By Elad Schiff, Samuel Attias, Ibrahim Matter, Gideon Sroka, Bluma Nae, Zahi Arnon, Noah Samuels, Ofra Grinberg, Eran Ben-Arye. PUB. By Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 44, 2019, Pages 51-55. ISSN 0965-2299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.003.
CAM treatments ( Acupuncture, Reflexology, Guided Imagery) provide additional relief to Standard Of Care (SOC) for perioperative symptoms (pain, anxiety, nausea). Larger randomized control trial studies with longer follow-ups are needed to confirm these benefits.
‘The Immediate Effect of Plantar Stimulation on Dynamic and Static Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial’. By Ruescas-Nicolau, M.A. | Sánchez-Sánchez, M.L. | Marques-Sule, E. | Espí-López, G.V. Pub. by Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 453-461, May 2019.
The application of a 10-minute manual stimulation protocol without joint mobilization, addressed to stimulate the plantar cutaneous mechanoreceptors, could elicit benefits on dynamic balance. This improvement was observed bilaterally even though only one plantar surface was stimulated. As balance deficits may impair functional movements and regular training in sports, this intervention aims to ameliorate dynamic balancing ability could improve the functional recovery of sport gestures.
2018
Development and validation of a tool to evaluate Inpatient Beliefs, Expectations and Attitudes toward Reflexology (IBEAR-16). By Samuel Attias, Elad Schiff, Zahi Arnon, Eran Ben-Arye, Yael Keshet, Gideon Sroka, Ibrahim Matter, Lital Keinan Boker. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 37, 2018, Pages 69-76, ISSN 0965-2299,
The present study provides evidence that the proposed IBEAR questionnaire with 16 items is a valid and reliable tool for evaluation of inpatients’ beliefs, expectations and attitudes toward reflexology.
2017
Examination of Nurses’ Theses on Reflexology Practice in Turkey. By Didem küçükkelepçe, Türkan Karaca.
August 2017. International Journal of Advanced Research 5(8):1681-1685 DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/5230
The literature indicates that reflexology practice was performed in a similar way for different purposes, and their effects were investigated. It is important to note that the majority of the studies are at doctoral thesis level and that they are experimental, providing the necessary conditions for the investigation of the effect of reflexology practice. The present study revealed that reflexology was found to be effective in the majority of the theses. Various sampling group studies and application protocols are recommended to be performed as there is limited research on the issue in this field.
Perspectives on reflexology: A qualitative approach. By Nurul Haswani Embong, Yee Chang Soh, Long Chiau Ming, and Tin Wui Wong. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017 Jul; 7(3): 327–331. PMCID: PMC5506646 PMID: 28725628
Objective: To explore the practitioners' perspectives of reflexology in Malaysia. Conclusions: Empowering the practitioner as a professional would help gain the public's trust and confidence in their treatment. Strict enforcement of regulation related to illegal conduct in reflexology centers will improve people's perception of the practice.
Participatory action inquiry using baccalaureate nursing students: The inclusion of integrative health care (IHC) modalities in nursing core curriculum. By Roxane Raffin Chan, Michelle Schaffrath. Pub. by Nurse Education in Practice, Volume 22, January 2017, Pages 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2016.12.003
Learning integrative health care modalities (foot reflexology, lavender aromatherapy and mindful breathing) is best supported by a self-reflective process that is constructed and modeled by a nurse faculty member with experience in delivering IHC modalities.
2016
Exploring the body through reflexology: Physical behaviors observed during application. By Neus Esmel- Esmel, Eudald Tomás-Esmel, Yolanda Aparicio Rollan, Irene Pérez Cáceres, Ma Jesús Montes-Muñoz, Maria Jimenez-Herrera. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Volume 25, November 2016, Pages 52-58.
This study shows that reflexology promotes its application for different effects, such as eye movements and spontaneous movements. These data reveal the need to investigate these effects and their impact on health as well as their possible relationship with sleep.
Influence of Study Design on Outcomes Following Reflexology Massage: An Integrative and Critical Review of Interventional Studies. By McVicar Andrew; Greenwood Christina; Ellis Carol; LeForis Chantelle. Pub. by J Altern Complement Med 2016 739-750 9 22.
The review supports psychometric responses to reflexology when study design uses a nonmassage control strategy. Findings suggest that an evaluation of outcomes against sham reflexology massage and other forms of massage, as well as a narrower focus of study objective, may clarify whether there is a relationship between study design and efficacy of reflexology.
What Does the Research Say about Reflexology? by the Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing, University of Minnesota. 2016.
Research studies in the U.S. and around the world indicate possible benefits of reflexology, particularly in reducing pain, enhancing relaxation, and reducing psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. However, reviewers of the research have noted that the quality of reflexology studies is mixed and more high-quality research is needed.
Physiological and Therapeutic Effects of Reflexology in Iran: A Systematic Review. By Khadijeh Nasiri, Reyhaneh Eyvanbagha, Nasrin Nazari, Mohammad Taghi Savadpour, Parisa Soleymanifard, Zahra Khalili. Pub. by Depiction of Health 2016; 7(1): 49-61.
The results of this study showed the positive effect of reflexology on various diseases and disorders. Although reflexology cannot be used as a replacement treatment but it can be concluded that it is an alternative treatment and relaxing and rewarding experience. It is suggested that future studies are conducted with more accurate sampling method, larger sample size and following the principles of CONSORT.
Dyadic recruitment in complementary therapy studies: experience from a clinical trial of caregiver-delivered reflexology. By Holmstrom AJ, Wyatt GK, Sikorskii A, Musatics C, Stolz E, Havener N. Pub. by Appl Nurs Res. 2016 Feb;29:136-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2015.05.019. Epub 2015 Jun 3. PMID: 26856504; PMCID: PMC4748168.
Almost one-third of patients were found to be ineligible due to the lack of a caregiver to participate with them and provide this form of social support. Among eligible patients, the consent rate for this dyadic study is much lower than that of previous RCTs of reflexologist-delivered reflexology that enrolled just patients, not dyads. Conclusion: Implications for nursing practice and research include addressing the need for greater social support for patients and strategies for problem-solving refusal reasons during study enrollment.
2015
Revisiting reflexology: Concept, evidence, current practice, and practitioner training. By Nurul Haswani Embong, Yee Chang Soh, Long Chiau Ming, Tin Wui Wong. Pub. by J Tradit Comp. Med. 2015 Oct; 5(4): 197–206. PMCID: PMC4624523 PMID: 26587391
Previous systematic reviews failed to show concrete evidence for any specific effect of reflexology in any conditions. Due to its non-invasive, non-pharmacological complementary nature, reflexology is widely accepted and anecdotal evidence of positive effect reflexology in a variety of health conditions are available. Adequate training for practitioners is necessary to ensure the consistency of service provided.
SELF-ADMINISTERED REFLEXOLOGY, CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS
Self-Administered Foot Reflexology for the Management of Chronic Health Conditions: A Systematic Review. By Hyun Jin Song, Sun Mi Choi, Hyun-Ju Seo, Heeyoung Lee, Heejeong Son, and Sanghun Lee. Pub. by The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Volume: 21 Issue 2: Feb 2015. 69-76. http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0166
The included studies on self-administered foot reflexology in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or urinary incontinence provided insufficient evidence to determine a treatment effect. Therefore, a well-designed, large-scale, and randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm the effect of self-administered foot reflexology for chronic conditions.
HEALTHY PERSONS, SELF-ADMINISTERED REFLEXOLOGY
Effect of self-administered foot reflexology for symptom management in healthy persons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. By Hyun Jin Song, Heejeong Son, Hyun-Ju Seo, Heeyoung Lee, Sun Mi Choi, Sanghun Lee. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 23, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 79-89. ISSN 0965-2299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.11.005
This study presents the effectiveness of self-administered foot reflexology for healthy persons’ psychological and physiological symptoms. While objective outcomes showed limited results, significant improvements were found in subjective outcomes. However, owing to the small number of studies and methodological flaws, there was insufficient evidence supporting the use of self-performed foot reflexology. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the effect of self-administered foot reflexology in healthy people.
2014
The Physiological and Biochemical Outcomes Associated with a Reflexology Treatment: A Systematic Review. By J. E. M. McCullough, S. D. Liddle, M. Sinclair, C. Close, and C. M. Hughes. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2014: 502123. DOI: 10.1155/2014/502123 PMCID: PMC4026838 PMID: 24883067
It is still unclear from this review precisely how reflexology impacts physiological and biochemical parameters. It illustrates the need for further research into the use, efficacy, and mode of action of reflexology with well-designed, high quality RCTs, if indeed RCTs are a suitable mode of investigation.
The efficacy of reflexology: systematic review. By Mei-Yeh Wang, Pei-Shan Tsai, Pi-Hsia Lee, Wen-Yin Chang, Che-Ming Yang. J Adv Nurs. 2008 Jun; 62(5):512-20. PMID: 18489444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04606.x
There is no evidence for any specific effect of reflexology in any conditions, with the exception of urinary symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. Routine provision of reflexology is therefore not recommended.
2013
A proposed reductionist solution to address the methodological challenges of inconsistent reflexology maps and poor experimental controls in reflexology research: a discussion paper. By Jenny Jones, Patricia Thomson, William Lauder, Stephen J Leslie. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Mar; 19(3):232-4. PMID: 23072264 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0022
This article proposes a potential experimental solution that we believe can address both methodological challenges and in doing so, allow any specific hemodynamic treatment effect unique to reflexology to experimentally reveal itself.
ANXIETY, MOOD, BLOOD PRESSURE, LONG TERM CARE STAFF
The effect of foot massage on long-term care staff working with older people with dementia: a pilot, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. By Wendy Moyle, Marie Cooke, Siobhan T O'Dwyer, Jenny Murfield, Amy Johnston, Billy Sung. BMC Nurs. 2013 Feb 18; 12:5. PMID: 23414448 PMCID: PMC3598869 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6955-12-5.
The pilot demonstrated the foot massage intervention showed trends in improved mood, reduced anxiety and lower blood pressure in long-term care staff working with older people with dementia. A larger study is needed to build on these promising, but preliminary, findings.
Reflexotherapy in the context of rehabilitative medicine. [Article in Russian]. By A M Vasilenko, S A Radzievskiĭ, L G Agasarov, S A Bugaev. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. Jan-Feb 2013; (1):32-8. PMID: 23520925
The growing tendency toward the more extensive application of non-pharmacological approaches to complementary medicine opens up new prospects for the further development of reflexotherapy in the context of modern health care practices.
2011
Reflexology: an update of a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. By E Ernst, P Posadzki, M S Lee. Pub. by j.maturitas 2011 Feb;68(2):116-20. Epub 2010 Dec 15. PMID: 21111551 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.10.011
Eight RCTs suggested that reflexology is effective for the following conditions: diabetes, premenstrual syndrome, cancer patients, multiple sclerosis, symptomatic idiopathic detrusor over-activity and dementia yet important caveats remain. It is concluded that the best clinical evidence does not demonstrate convincingly reflexology to be an effective treatment for any medical condition.
2010
Healing crisis in reflexology: becoming worse before becoming better. By Thora Jenny Gunnarsdottir, Helga Jonsdottir. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Nov; 16(4):239-43. PMID: 20920811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.01.005
For the majority of the women the healing crisis symptoms gradually became worse before they started to decrease. This has similarities with other health professionals' accounts in the literature. Nurses and health professionals need to be aware of healing crisis effects when offering reflexology to patients.
Team science of nursing, engineering, statistics, and practitioner in the development of a robotic reflexology device. By Gwen Wyatt, Alla Sikorskii, Tamara Reid Bush, Ranjan Mukherjee. J Soc Integr Oncol. Winter 2010; 8(1):14-9. PMID: 20205985.
The purpose of this article is to share the lessons learned in forming an interdisciplinary team that implements a team science approach to integrative medicine (IM) research.
2009
Structural reflex zone therapy in pregnancy and childbirth: a new approach. By Denise Tiran. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2009 Nov; 15(4):234-8. PMID: 19880088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.006
In this paper, the way in which structural RZT can be helpful for two particular pregnancy conditions - stress and backache - is considered.
Reflexology--nothing in common with scientific naturopathic treatments. [Article in German]. By M Heide, M H Heide. Versicherungsmedizin. 2009 Sep 1; 61(3):129-35. PMID: 19860172
Any scientific value to reflexology is to be denied. As opposed to reflexology, genuine, scientifically acknowledged naturopathic methods are not an alternative, but a supplement to modern medicine.
Is reflexology an effective intervention? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. By Edzard Ernst. Pub. by Med J Aust. 2009 Sep 7;191(5):263-6. PMID: 19740047 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02780.x
The best evidence available to date does not demonstrate convincingly that reflexology is an effective treatment for any medical condition.
2008
Somatotopical Relationships Between Cortical Activity, Reflex Areas In Reflexology: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. By Tomomi Nakamaru, Naoki Miura, Ai Fukushima and Ryuta Kawashima. Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 448, Issue 1, 19 Dec. 2008, Pages 6-9.
This research is the beginning of understanding how reflexology can cause changes in the body. This is the reflexology point to brain end of the equation and it is not yet complete, as further research into this area is required especially to confirm the lateral effects. The other end of the equation is to see how the changes of blood flow in the brain as shown by this research effects the organs themselves. This still needs to be looked at, as does the whole equation - reflexology point to brain to organ. But, it’s an exciting start.
The efficacy of reflexology: systematic review. By Mei-Yeh Wang, Pei-Shan Tsai, Pi-Hsia Lee, Wen-Yin Chang, Che-Ming Yang. Pub. by J Adv Nurs. 2008 Jun;62(5):512-20. PMID: 18489444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04606.
Among the five studies suitable for review, there was only one report of a statistically significant treatment effect. Among the 12 outcome variables examined, the treatment effect size for urinary symptoms was large, whereas the effect size for other conditions was negligible. Conclusion: There is no evidence for any specific effect of reflexology in any conditions, with the exception of urinary symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. Routine provision of reflexology is therefore not recommended.
2006
Foot Reflexology. By Blunt, Elizabeth, PhD, RN, CRNP. Pub. by Holistic Nursing Practice: September 2006 - Volume 20 - Issue 5 - p 257-259.
An article presenting Foot Reflexology.
2005
Integrative reflexology: a therapy within a naturopathic nursing practice. By Judith Hevesi Morey. Explore (NY). 2005 Sep; 1(5):400-1. PMID: 16781575 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2005.06.020
No abstract available.
Facilitating phenomenological interviewing by means of reflexology. By E Ross, S Schulze, M Petro van Niekerk. Curationis. 2005 Feb; 28(1):69-81. PMID: 15850155 DOI: 10.4102/curationis.v28i1.930
Nonverbal data communicated information that facilitated verbal exchange concerning the life-world of each individual participant.
2003
Clinical Reflexology By Chaitow, Leon. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 7.202-202. 10.1016/S1360-8592(02)00080-3.
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author.
Correlation study between conventional medical diagnosis and the diagnosis by reflexology (non conventional). [Article in Hebrew]. By Inbal Raz, Yaakov Rosengarten, Rafael Carasso. Harefuah. 2003 Sep; 142(8-9):600-5, 646. PMID: 14518162
The reflexology method has the ability to diagnose (reliable and valid) at a systematic level only, and this is applicable only to those body systems that represent organs and regions with an exact anatomic location.
The future of reflexology. By I Wilkinson, C F J Rayner. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2003 May; 9(2):98. PMID: 12697162 DOI: 10.1016/S1353-6117(03)00013-1
No Abstract Available
2002
Identifying ethicolegal and professional principles in reflexology. By Julie Stone. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2002 Nov; 8(4):217-21. PMID: 12463612 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2002.0652
Although few reflexologists are likely to be sued in the course of their professional practice, all practitioners owe their patients a duty of care and must work within the law. Ethical and legal responsibilities are integral to safe and effective practice. This paper will outline the major ethical and legal responsibilities owed by reflexologists to their patients.
The future of reflexology. By Ann Lett. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2002 May; 8(2):84-90. PMID: 12188163 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2001.0581
The report of the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology into Complementary and Alternative Medicine published in November 2000 made a number of recommendations likely to influence the social framework in which complementary and alternative medicine has been practiced. This paper offers an appraisal of the practice of reflexology, its historic development, legal issues, scope and limitations of practice.
The House Of Lords Select Committee for Science and Technology. Their report on complementary and alternative medicine and its implications for reflexology. By Iain Wilkinson. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2002 May; 8(2):91-100. PMID: 12188164 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2002.0614
No Abstract Available.
CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE
Clients' perceptions of the benefits of reflexology on their quality of life. By S Wright, U Courtney, C Donnelly, T Kenny, C Lavin. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2002 May; 8(2):69-76. PMID: 12188160 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2001.0593.
Reflexology interventions were perceived to impact positively upon clients' levels of impairment and functional status, including physical and psychological function, with implications for general health perceptions. The paper discusses how these findings might form the basis of further, more rigourous evaluation of the benefits of reflexology for people with cancer at ARC Cancer Support Centre.
2001
The scope and limitations of treatment. An interview with Ann Lett, Principle, British School--Reflex Zone Therapy of the Feet. By Ann Lett. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2001 Aug; 7(3):146-9. PMID: 11855511 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2001.0532
Ann discusses the scope and limitations of reflexology, and how she sees this profession developing in the future.
Massage therapy and reflexology awareness. By B T Mackey. Nurs Clin North Am. 2001 Mar; 36(1):159-70. PMID: 11342409
A review of a case study illustrates the safe and effective use of massage therapy and reflexology and familiarizes the nurse with the components of assessment and hands-on practice. Holistic nursing principles related to massage therapy and reflexology are woven throughout the text.
Reflexology techniques are not an effective tool for symptom recognition or the diagnosis of medical conditions. By F Mantle, P Mackereth. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2001 Feb; 7(1):43-8. PMID: 11855529 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2000.0520
In certain instances the position taken may not necessarily reflect the personal views of the authors. They have been asked to take a specific stance in order to stimulate debate and reflection about particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
2000
A blinded investigation into the accuracy of reflexology charts. By A.R. White, J. Williamson, A. Hart, E. Ernst. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2000, Pages 166-172.
Despite certain limitations to the data provided by this study, the results do not suggest that reflexology techniques are a valid method of diagnosis.
Reflexology: recent research approaches. By P Mackereth, S L Dryden, B Frankel. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2000 May; 6(2):66-71. PMID: 10844743 DOI: 10.1054/ctnm.2000.0458
This paper does not aim to give a concise review of the literature to date but uses examples of recently published work to illustrate the issues that might confront researchers.
1999
Alternative and complementary medicine in Canadian medical schools: a survey. By J. Ruedy, D. M. Kaufman and H. MacLeod. CMAJ March 23, 1999 160 (6) 816-817;
Two of sixteen Canadian medical schools include mention of reflexology in their curricula.
An introduction to catharsis and the healing crisis in reflexology. By P A Mackereth. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1999 Jun; 5(3):67-74. PMID: 10754821 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-6117(99)80017-1
This paper explores the concept of healing through catharsis in relation to the practice of reflexology. Consideration will be given to the practitioner's skills and support, issues of boundaries to practice, and the effective management of patient's emotional and physical responses. The safety and potency of the therapeutic work will be key elements to the discussions.
'Just the ticket': the findings of a pilot complementary therapy service (Part II). By S L Dryden , S D Holden, P A Mackereth. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1999 Feb; 5(1):15-8. PMID: 10639979 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-6117(99)80067-5.
This paper reports back on the findings and evaluation of a project offering hand and foot massage incorporating reflexology techniques. This paper will conclude by discussing future recommendations.
1998
'Just the ticket': integrating massage and reflexology in practice (Part I). By S L Dryden, S D Holden, P A Mackereth. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1998 Dec; 4(6):156-9. PMID: 10205410
The purpose of these papers is to describe and discuss the piloting and evaluation of an inpatient complementary therapy service.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine among primary care patients. By E Kitai, S Vinker, A Sandiuk, O Hornik, C Zeltcer, A Gaver. Fam Pract. 1998 Oct; 15(5):411-4. PMID: 9848425 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/15.5.411
Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine is as widespread in Israel as in other Western countries. Utilization rates were found to be associated with age and education but not with gender or origin.
Foot reflex zone massage--general practice and evaluation. [Article in German]. By O Kristof, M Schlumpf, R Saller. Fortschr Med. 1998 Oct 20; 116(29):50-4. PMID: 9846475
Reflexology is a frequently used method of complementary medicine. This review deals with history, theory and practise of this technique. Furthermore, results of the published clinical trials are discussed.
1997
Review of literature on the effectiveness of reflexology. By D Botting. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1997 Oct; 3(5):123-30. PMID: 9432433 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-6117(97)80012-1
A critical review of published research studies is presented which focuses in particular on methodological issues such as the use of the randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of complementary therapies such as reflexology.
Complementary practitioners as part of the primary health care team: consulting patterns, patient characteristics and patient outcomes. By C Paterson. Fam Pract. 1997 Oct; 14(5):347-54. PMID: 9472367 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/14.5.347
This study illustrates how individual each complementary therapy is in its patient characteristics, problem category and length of treatment. The particular improvement in well-being with complementary therapy requires confirmation in other studies.
1996
Reflexology. By P Griffiths. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1996 Feb; 2(1):13-6. PMID: 9439266 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-6117(96)80005-9
Reflexology is potentially a very valuable therapeutic nursing skill and could have wide-ranging and cost-effective benefits in health care, from special care baby units through to care of the elderly. Like many other complementary therapies, reflexology seems to restore and maintain health by rebalancing the body. Whilst to many, reflexology may appear a gentle therapy, it is vital that the contraindications are known and that it is only carried out by trained therapists.
The use of complementary therapies in midwifery practice: a focus on reflexology. By D Tiran. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1996 Apr; 2(2):32-7. PMID: 9439270 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-6117(96)80060-6
This paper introduces the use of complementary therapies within midwifery practice, and particularly focuses on reflexology. Case reports illustrate instances in which reflexology has been successful for childbearing women. Some of the issues pertinent to midwives are explored.
Using complementary therapies: reflexology. By J Lynn. Prof Nurse. 1996 Feb; 11(5):321-2. PMID: 8604428
Reflexology is a treatment based on massage of the feet to relieve symptoms in other parts of the body. Reflexology is slowly gaining acceptance by some practitioners of conventional medicine. Several training courses and registered bodies for reflexology exist.
1995
A description of reflexology practice and clientele in Denmark. By Laila Launs October 1995. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 3(4):206-211. DOI:10.1016/S0965-2299(95)80073-5
Reflexology is the most frequently used alternative therapy in Denmark. A descriptive study of 480 trained reflexologists was carried out in Denmark in 1992; of this number, 380 (79%) practised reflexology. The client study indicates that most are women and the most frequent health problems addressed to the reflexologists are pain in muscles/body; stomach pain/digestive problems; asthma/bronchitis/allergy; headache/migraine and hormonal problems. Twenty-three per cent of clients have not been treated by a doctor for the problem(s) for which they contacted a reflexologist.
1993
Reflexology--its place in modern healthcare. By I C Sahai. Prof Nurse. 1993 Aug; 8(11):722-5. PMID: 8346270.
1. Reflexology is a safe treatment promoting homeostasis. 2. It is an ancient method of healing which is regaining popularity. 3. Reflexology has no side effects, only so-called healing crises--stepping stones to better health. 4. Reflexology is now an established branch of paramedical medicine, and should be available to NHS patients.
1992
Skinner's early research: From reflexology to operant conditioning. By Iversen, I. H. (1992). Skinner's early research: From reflexology to operant conditioning. American Psychologist, 47(11), 1318–1328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.11.1318
Skinner was first influenced by the then dominant terminology of reflexology, but he soon rejected this stimulus–response tradition by demonstrating that eliciting stimuli play no role in operant conditioning.
1990
Towards better health with reflexology, By H Barron. Nurs Stand. 1990 Jun 27-Jul 3; 4(40):32-3. PMID: 2116853 DOI: 10.7748/ns.4.40.32.s34.
No abstract available.
1951
The position of reflexology in psychiatry. [Article in Undetermined language]. By V LUNN. Bibl Laeger. May-Jun 1951; 143:69-96. PMID: 14869310.
No abstract available.