REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH – CARDIOVASCULAR/CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

2023

ANXIETY, PAIN, FATIGUE, HAND REFLEXOLOGY, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

Effect of hand reflexology in ameliorating anxiety, pain, and fatigue among patients undergoing coronary angiography. By Eman Abdeen Ali 1, Wafaa Hassan Ali Awad 1, Mahmoud Abdelwahab Khedr 2, Emad Abd El Gawad Ali Rabie 1. Pub. by BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023 Nov 24;23(1):425. PMID: 38001461 PMCID: PMC10668458 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04256-6.

The current study findings showed that hand reflexology is a simple, non-invasive nursing intervention that is effective and useful for managing pain, fatigue, and anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography as it resulted in a significant reduction in the severity of pain, fatigue, and anxiety after coronary angiography in the study group compared to the control group.

BLOOD PRESSURE, STRESS, SLEEP, HYPERTENSION, SENIORS, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

The effects of auricular acupressure on blood pressure, stress, and sleep in elders with essential hypertension: a randomized single-blind sham-controlled trial. By Bomi Kim, Hyojung Park. Pub. by Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023 Sep 5;22(6):610-619. PMID: 36594992 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvad005

The findings showed that auricular acupressure leads to improvements in blood pressure, stress, and sleep in elderly people with essential hypertension. Therefore, auricular acupressure can be used as an alternative nursing intervention for hypertension prevention, stress, and sleep management.

SLEEP, BENSON RELAXATION TECHNIQUE, SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE,

Comparison of the Impacts of Benson Relaxation Technique and Foot Reflexology Massage on Sleep Quality of Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Masoumeh Emami Bakavoly, Moosa Sajjadi, Reza Ghasemi, Hosein Ajamzibad. Pub. by Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2023 Jul 24;28(4):448-454 PMID: 37694200 PMCID: PMC10484392 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_332_21

After interventions, the mean quality of sleep significantly increased in both intervention groups: Reflexology and Benson relaxation, compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the two intervention groups. The interventions improved the quality of sleep in patients with systolic heart failure. Therefore, these methods can be used as a suitable complementary treatment to improve the quality of sleep by nurses and midwives.

FOOT MASSAGE, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, EDEMA, SLEEP

The Effect of Foot Massage Applied to Patients With Congestive Heart Failure on Peripheral Edema and Sleep Quality: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Gürcan Solmaz. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. 2023 May-Jun;37(3):143-152. PMID: 37070839 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000581

Statistically significant improvements were found in peripheral edema and sleep quality levels of the intervention group compared with the control group, starting from the fourth session of the foot massage application (P < .001).

BLOOD PRESSURE, HAND & FOOT MASSAGE

Comparison of the Effect of Local Cold Therapy and Hand and Foot Massage on Blood Pressure in Post-Operative Patients', By Miri, A., Roshanzadeh, M., Masoudi, R., Kheiri, S., Tajabadi, A., Davoodvand, S. (2023). Pub. by Novelty in Clinical Medicine, 2(1), pp. 24-31. doi: 10.22034/ncm.2023.380439.1060

The mean differences of systolic blood pressure before and after the intervention in the massage (p=0.001) and local cold therapy (p=0.002) groups was significant, also mean differences of diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention in the massage (P<0.001) and local cold therapy (P=0.036) groups was significant. The ANOVA test showed that the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not significant for different groups before (P=0.28) and after (P=0.059) the intervention.
Conclusion: In order to use Local cold therapy and hand and foot massage effectively along with routine care, teaching its use to nurses as well as patients' companions can be useful.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, GASTRIC PRESSURE, NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISM

Effects of plantar pressure stimulation on autonomic nervous function ―Examination of the neurological mechanism of Reflexology― By Tomomi Narushima, Noraini Azlin Binti Mohd Amin, Mayura Shimura, Eitaro Noguchi. Pub. by Autonomic Nervous System. Vol. 60 (2023) Iss 1. p. 54-62. DOI https://doi.org/10.32272/ans.60.1_54.

Using the response to blood pressure, heart rate, and gastric pressure of pressure stimulation to localized areas of the plantar as indices, the results of nerve amputation of the afferent and centrifugal tracts revealed that plantar point pressure stimulation is input from somatosensory nerves and induces a reflex response using multiple autonomic nerves as the centrifugal path. But the existence of reflex zones could not be clarified.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, BLOOD OXYGENATION, PMS, WOMEN

Effectiveness of Reflexology for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Other Health Difficulties Specific to Women. By Inoue, A., Majima, Y., Masuda, S. and Matsuda, T. Pub. in Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2023) - Volume 5: HEALTHINF, pages 502-506. ISBN: 978-989-758-631-6; ISSN: 2184-4305 Copyright c 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda.

The results obtained for blood pressure, heart rate, and blood oxygenation resembled those of earlier studies. Results for blood pressure differed slightly from those of earlier studies. However, because earlier studies had fewer participants, the number of participants in future studies must be increased; the reliability of future data must be improved.

PAIN, AVERAGE HEARTBEAT, NEWBORNS

A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Study of Reflexology, Sucrose, and Other Treatments for Needle Procedures in Newborns. By Us MC, Saran MG, Cebeci B, Akkuş E, Şeker E, Aybar ŞSŞ. Pub. by Pediatr Neurol. 2023 Mar;140:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.019. Epub 2022 Dec 5. PMID: 36608413.

Although sucrose was the most effective method, reflexology has significant positive effects, especially on average heartbeat, reducing pain, and shortening crying times during heel blood sampling. Reflexology might be considered among the nonpharmacologic methods to be applied before routine interventions, but still, there is a need for further studies to investigate the efficiency.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HYPERTENSION

Foot reflexology for reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive individual: A systematic review. By V. Venugopal, C. Yogapriya, B. Deenadayalan, A. Akila, S. Poonguzhali, R. Poornima, K. Maheshkumar. Pub. by The Foot. Volume 54, March 2023, 101974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2023.101974

Findings from the studies showed that foot reflexology interventions were not much effective in the reduction of blood pressure among patients with hypertension.

GLAUCOMA, HYPERTENSION PATIENTS

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Intraocular Pressure in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Patients. By Ely Manstein; Dillan Patel; Preston Kung; Devin Cohen; Andrew Krane; Daohai Yu; Jeffrey D Henderer. Pub. by Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June 2022, Vol.63, 4386 – A0429.

5-minute foot reflexology temporarily lowers Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in some Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Ocular Hypertension Patients (OHTN). The study insert did not lower IOP in OHTN patients more than the sham. Perhaps a different application of foot reflexology or a different version of the insert would be more effective and remains a topic for future research.

HEAD & FACIAL MASSAGE, SLEEP, CORONARY SURGERY

The effect of head and facial massage on sleep condition after coronary artery bypass graft surgery By Masoumeh Rajabi Ozudi, Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami, Javad Setareh, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Valiollah Habibi, Kiarash Saatchi. Pub. by Traditional Medicine Research 2023;8(4):24. https://doi.org/10.53388/TMR20220117002

Head and facial massage is an effective nursing intervention in improving the sleep condition of patients after coronary artery bypass graft. Due to the fact that head and face massage is an easy method and brings patient satisfaction, it is recommended to use this method as a suitable supplement for drug therapy and postoperative interventions in these patients

HEARTBEAT, PAIN, CRYING TIMES, HEEL BLOOD SAMPLING, NEWBORNS

A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Study of Reflexology, Sucrose, and Other Treatments for Needle Procedures in Newborns. By Mahmut Caner Us MD, Mine Güneş Saran MSc, Burcu Cebeci MD, Erkan Akkuş MD, Esma Şeker RN, Şadiye Sezin Şimşek Aybar MSc. Pub. by Pediatric Neurology. Volume 140, March 2023, Pages 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.019

BLOOD PRESSURE, HYPERTENSION,

The Effect of Feet Reflection Massage on Blood Pressure in Hypertension Patients at Community Health Centers II Petang. By Ni Kadek Yuni Lestari Y, Ni Luh Putu Thrisna Dewi, Ni Made Era Mahayani. NHSJ [Internet]. 2023Mar.2 [cited 2023Apr.23];3(1):56-0. Available from: http://www.nhs-journal.com/index.php/nhs/article/view/151

The results of the analysis used was Mann-Whitney analysis that is p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05), so it can be concluded that there is an effect of foot reflexology on blood pressure in hypertension sufferers in Community Health Center II Petang. Foot reflexology can be used as an alternative to non-pharmacological treatment programs for patients to prevent further complications from uncontrolled hypertension.

2022

PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATORY RATE, PATIENT SATISFACTION, ABDOMINAL SURGERY

A randomized controlled trial of reflexology effect after abdominal surgery on patient satisfaction, pain and vital signs. By Gürkan Kapıkıran, Semra Bulbuloglu, Huseyin Gunes, Serdar Saritaş, Bilsev Demir. Pub. by Explore (NY). 2022 Oct 27;S1550-8307(22)00201-4. PMID: 36335059 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.10.017

The results of our study emphasize the power of reflexology in effective surgical pain management and normalizing vital signs and increasing patient satisfaction. We suggest that reflexology be performed to patients following abdominal surgery.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE, PULSE OXYGEN SATURATION.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Vital Signs: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. By Yunyan Jing, Shanxin Liu, Chunqi Pan, Ying Jian, Mingwei Wang, Bin Ni. Pub. by Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022 Sep 13;2022:4182420. PMID: 36147645 PMCID: PMC9489354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4182420

Short-term followup results showed that foot reflexology exerted significant positive effects on vital signs, reduced blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate and increased pulse oxygen saturation.

LOWER LEG PERFUSION (BLOOD FLOW), PAIN, DIABETES MELLITUS

'The Effect of Buerger Allen Exercise Versus Reflexology on Lower Extremity Perfusion and Pain among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus', By Rashwan, M., Bedier, N., El-Kharbotly, S., Ebrahim, Y., Sharaf, A. (2022). Pub. by Alexandria Scientific Nursing Journal, 24(1), pp. 13-25. doi: 10.21608/asalexu.2022.246002

Both Buerger Allen Exercise, and reflexology are effective in improving lower extremity perfusion among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetic patients who performed reflexology intervention experience less pain more than those who performed Buerger Allen exercise. Recommendations: Encourage health care providers to integrate Buerger Allen exercise & reflexology in the care protocols of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in different health care settings.

QUALITY OF LIFE, BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL, PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION, DIABETIC NEUROPATHY PATIENTS

Effect of Foot Reflexology Technique on Diabetic Neuropathy Patients' Health Outcomes. By Walaa Shawky Gomaa, Hanan Gaber Mohammed, Amal Saied Taha and Nehal Mahmoud Abo El-Fadl. Pub. by Journal of Nursing Science - Benha University ISSN 2682 – 3934 Vol. (3) No. (2) 2022 JNSBU.

Reflexology intervention is endorsed in improving QOL, diabetic peripheral neuropathy sensory, lowering blood glucose level and improve peripheral circulation of the diabetic neuropathic studied patients. Recommendations: Increase public awareness about efficacy & tolerability of foot reflexology in improving health outcomes as quality of life, sensation, blood glucose level and peripheral circulation of diabetic neuropathic patients.

BLOOD PRESSURE REDUCTION, HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

Effect of Foot Reflection Massage on Blood Pressure Reduction in Hypertension Patients. By Suryaningsih, S., Tasalim, R., & Rahman, S. (2022). Pub. by Journal of Advances in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jamaps-0102.442

Results: the results showed that blood pressure decreased after giving foot reflexology.

BLOOD PRESSURE, STRESS, AROMATHERAPY, HYPERTENSION

The Effect of Aromatherapy on Blood Pressure and Stress Responses by Inhalation and Foot Massage in Patients With Essential Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial. By Saadet Can Çiçek, Şeyma Demir, Dilek Yılmaz, Aynur Açıkgöz, Sedat Yıldız, Özgür Mehmet Yis. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. 2022 Jul-Aug;36(4):209-222. PMID: 35708557 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000526.

A 3-arm, parallel group, randomized clinical trial examines the effect of aromatherapy through inhalation and foot massage on blood pressure and stress response in patients with essential hypertension. Lavender oil reduced blood pressure, heart rate, serum cortisol, and subjective anxiety in hypertensive patients.

ANXIETY, BLOOD PRESSURE, HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

The Influence of Foot Massage on Blood Pressure and Anxiety in Hypertensive Patients. By Nina Putri Calisanie N, Preannisa S. Pub. by KLS [Internet]. 2022Feb.7 [cited 2023Apr.26];7(2):394–403. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Life/article/view/10333

This study concludes that giving foot massage therapy can significantly reduce systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and anxiety.

PAIN, ANXIETY, QUALITY OF LIFE, OPEN HEART SURGERY

"The effects of foot reflexology upon pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction among patients having undergone open-heart surgery". By Uzun Şahin, Ceyda , Çilingir, Dilek . Pub. by Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39 / 1 (January 2022): 17-23 .

In this research, patients in the test group were reported to have a statistically significant decrease in the mean scores of the visual analog scale when compared with the scores of patients in the control group (p<0.05). Although no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was measured between the mean scores of the state-trait anxiety inventory and the visual analog scale of patient satisfaction completed by patients in the test and control groups, it was also noted that both groups were exceptionally satisfied. The findings of this research can be utilized to alleviate pain, lessen patients' anxiety levels during the post-operation phase, and elevate patient satisfaction levels.

2021

PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, LEUKEMIA, CHILDREN,

The effects of foot reflexology on pain and physiological indicators in children with leukemia under chemotherapy: a clinical trial study. By Fereshteh Ghaljaei, Alia Jalalodini. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2021 Dec 30; 26(6):955-961. PMID: 34992868 PMCID: PMC8726439 DOI: 10.5603/RPOR.a2021.0116

The results showed that foot reflexology had a significant effect on reducing pain (p = 0.002) and improving physiological indicators [blood pressure (p = 0.002) and heart rate (p = 0.003)]. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, which shows the positive effect of foot reflexology on the improvement of pain and physiological indicators, foot reflexology can be used as a complementary treatment along with conventional therapies.

HEART FAILURE

Mind–Body Interventions in Patients With Heart Failure: State of the Science. By Wanich Suksatan and Thitipong Tankumpuan. Pub. by J. of Applied Gerontology. Volume 41, Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648211053000.

This review stipulated that Mind-Body Interventions (MBIs) included yoga, Tai Chi, meditation, reflexology, massage, relaxation, and breathing interventions. The findings emphasized that MBIs could reduce physical and psychological symptoms and improve health outcomes in patients with Heart Failure (HF). MBIs had encouraging results for patients with HF on selected physiological and behavioral outcomes. Despite the early state of the evidence in this field, it seems that MBIs will play an essential role in the future for alleviating the symptoms of patients with HF.

ANXIETY, STRESS, CORTISOL LEVELS, CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY & ANGIOGRAPHY

The Effect of Foot Reflexology Applied Before Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty on Anxiety, Stress, and Cortisol Levels of Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Birgül Vural Doğru, Fisun ŞenuzunAykar, Yasemin Yıldırım, Oğuz Yavuzgil, Eser Sözmen, Hikmet Memmedov. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2021 Sep-Oct 01; 36(5):461-469. PMID: 32530869 DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000700

The application of reflexology before coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty reduces the levels of anxiety, stress, and cortisol without any side effects.

DELIRIUM, SLEEP, PAIN, CARDIAC SURGERY

The effect of foot reflexology massage on delirium and sleep quality following cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial. By Ahmad Fazlollah, Hosein Babatabar Darzi, Esmail Heidaranlu, Seyed Tayeb Moradian. Complement Ther Med. 2021 Aug; 60:102738. PMID: 34029674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102738

Foot reflexology was not effective in reducing delirium and improving the sleep quality, but the pain intensity was decreased. It seems that the precise pathology and predicting model of delirium should be identified, and appropriate interventions should be planned accordingly.

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY, MEN

The effects of foot reflexology on agitation and extubation time in male patients following coronary artery bypass surgery: A randomized controlled clinical trial. By Atefeh Allahbakhhsian, Leila Gholizadeh, Maryam Allahbakhshian, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Yasser Abbaszadeh. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Volume 40, 2020, 101201, ISSN 1744-3881,

Foot reflexology may be introduced as a nursing intervention to facilitate the weaning process in the cardiac ICUs.

BLOOD PRESSURE, SLEEP QUALITY, FOOT MASSAGE, WOMEN

The influence of foot and back massage on blood pressure and sleep quality in females with essential hypertension: a randomized controlled study. By Gürcan Arslan, Özlem Ceyhan, Mukadder Mollaoğlu. J Hum Hypertens. 2021 Jul; 35(7):627-637. PMID: 32678299 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0371-z

Foot and back massage was found to be effective in reducing blood pressure and improving sleep quality.

PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS, BLOOD BILIRUBIN LEVELS, NEW BORN INFANTS

Comparison of the effect of foot reflexology and body massage on physiological indicators and bilirubin levels in neonates under phototherapy. By Zahra Jazayeri Mahbobeh Sajadi, Hamid Dalvand, Mohammadreza Zolfaghari. Complement Ther Med. 2021 Jun; 59:102684. PMID: 33609634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102684

The results showed that reflexology and massage therapy can be effective in improving the condition of physiological indicators and blood bilirubin levels.

ANXIETY, CHEST PAIN, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Effect of foot reflexology on chest pain and anxiety in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A double blind randomized clinical trial. By Saeedeh Sayari, Monir Nobahar, Raheb Ghorbani. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021 Feb; 42:101296. PMID: 33348306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101296

Foot reflexology was effective in attenuating chest pain, had the most effect in 20 min after intervention, and can be used to relieve chest pain in patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

The effects of foot reflexology on blood pressure and heart rate: A randomized clinical trial in stage-2 hypertensive patients. By Praew Kotruchin MD, PhD,Supap Imoun MSN,Thapanawong Mitsungnern MD,Patcharin Aountrai MSN,Maneenuch Domthaisong MSN,Kazuomi Kario MD, PhD. J Hypertens. 2021; 23, 3: 680-686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14103

Foot reflexology was effective in reducing heart rate in stage-2 HT patients and was partially effective in reducing blood pressure. It is noninvasive and can be performed in a short period of time as a complementary therapy.

2020

ANXIETY, FATIGUE, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, FOOT MASSAGE, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

Effects of foot massage and patient education in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized controlled trial. By Ramesh Chandrababu, Baby S Nayak, Vasudev Baburaya Pai, Ravishankar N, Linu Sara George, Elsa Sanatombi Devi, Anice George. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Aug; 40:101215. PMID: 32891291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101215

The combined form of foot massage and patient education is effective in decreasing anxiety, fatigue, pain, and increasing self-efficacy and the quality of life. These interventions will support the recovery of patients and reduce their suffering.

AGITATION, EXTUBATION TIME, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY, MEN

The effects of foot reflexology on agitation and extubation time in male patients following coronary artery bypass surgery: A randomized controlled clinical trial. By Atefeh Allahbakhhsian, Leila Gholizadeh, Maryam Allahbakhshian, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Yasser Abbaszadeh. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Aug; 40:101201. PMID: 32769065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101201

Agitation reduced in all groups from Time 1 to Time 3 (p < 0.05); however, the intervention group showed a significantly higher reduction at Time 2 (p < 0.001) and Time 3 (p < 0.001). Also, extubation time was significantly shorter in the intervention group (p < 0.01).Foot reflexology may be introduced as a nursing intervention to facilitate the weaning process in the cardiac ICUs.

PAIN, ANXIETY, FOOT MASSAGE, CARDIAC SURGERY

Efficacy of Precise Foot Massage Therapy on Pain and Anxiety Following Cardiac Surgery: Pilot Study. By Rana Alameri, Grace Dean, Jessica Castner, Ellen Volpe, Yasser Elghoneimy, Carla Jungquist. Pain Manag Nurs. 2020 Aug; 21(4):314-322. PMID: 31734151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2019.09.005

The findings of this study indicate that foot massage significantly (p < .05) decreases pain intensity and anxiety in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery compared with a placebo control group.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, HYPERTENSION

The effects of foot reflexology on blood pressure and heart rate: A randomized clinical trial in stage-2 hypertensive patients. By Praew Kotruchin, Supap Imoun, Thapanawong Mitsungnern, Patcharin Aountrai, Maneenuch Domthaisong, Kazuomi Kario. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021 Mar; 23(3):680-686. PMID: 33190420 PMCID: PMC8029572 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14103

We conclude that foot reflexology was effective in reducing heart rate in stage-2 HT patients and partially effective in reducing blood pressure.

2019

PAIN, CARDIAC SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

Does Hand Massage Have Sustained Effects on Pain Intensity and Pain-Related Interference in the Cardiac Surgery Critically Ill? A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Madalina Boitor, Géraldine Martorella, Christine Maheu, Andréa Maria Laizner, Céline Gélinas. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019 Dec; 20(6):572-579. PMID: 31103505 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2019.02.011

Hand massage could help patients experience longer periods without pain and lower levels of maximum pain intensity. When coupled with recovery activities, hand massage could reduce pain-related interference with functioning.

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, WOMEN, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Hospital Anxiety and Depression in Female Older Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial. By Tahereh Bahrami, MScN, Nahid Rejeh, PhD, MScN, BScN, Majideh Heravi-Karimooi, PhD, MScN, BScN, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, MScN, and Mojtaba Vaismoradi, PhD, MScN, BScN. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2019 Sep; 12(3): 16–21. PMCID: PMC6715326 PMID: 31489059

Foot reflexology massage reduced both anxiety (F (1.44) = 19.11, p = .001) and depression (F(1.44)=16.76, p = .001) in acute coronary patients relative to control patients. The intervention had a large effect on hospital anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Foot reflexology massage is an efficient and safe intervention for alleviating psychological responses among female older adults suffering from acute coronary syndrome during hospitalization.

ANXIETY, VITAL SIGNS, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES, ACUPRESSURE, HAND REFLEXOLOGY, WOMEN

Comparison of the Effects of Hand Reflexology versus Acupressure on Anxiety and Vital Signs in Female Patients with Coronary Artery Diseases. By Zohre Rahmani Vasokolaei, Nahid Rejeh, Majideh Heravi-Karimooi, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, Kiarash Saatchi, Zahra Poshtchaman, Christina Sieloff, Mojtaba Vaismoradi. Healthcare (Basel). 2019 Feb 11; 7(1):26. PMID: 30754687 PMCID: PMC6473738 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7010026

The effects of hand reflexology and acupressure immediately and half an hour later on the reduction of anxiety and vital signs were equal (p < 0.05). Implementation of hand reflexology and acupressure can have positive effects on anxiety and vital signs in patients with coronary artery diseases. They can reduce patients' anxiety with an equal effectiveness.

BACK PAIN, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

The effects of foot reflexology on back pain after coronary angiography: A randomized controlled trial. By Mojgan Kardan, Bahare Zarei, Hamidreza BahramiTaghanaki, Seyyed Abolfazl Vagharseyyedin, Nahid Azdaki. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Feb; 38:101068. PMID: 31739213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101068

Foot reflexology is effective in significantly reducing back pain after Coronary Angiography.

ANXIETY, CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES,

Effectiveness of reflexology on anxiety of patients undergoing cardiovascular interventional procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. By Chandrababu, R, Rathinasamy, EL, Suresh, C, Ramesh, J. Pub. by J Adv Nurs. 2019; 75: 43– 53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13822

Ten trials, representing 760 patients with the mean age of 59, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Reflexology significantly decreased the anxiety of patients undergoing cardiovascular interventional procedures in the treatment group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Reflexology has some positive effects on anxiety among patients undergoing cardiovascular procedures. It may be a useful complementary therapy and further research is necessary to create reliable evidence.

2018

ANXIETY, MEN, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

The impacts of foot reflexology on anxiety among male candidates for coronary angiography: A three-group single-blind randomized clinical trial. By Farhad Ramezanibadr, Kourosh Amini, Kayvan Hossaingholipor, Sograt Faghihzadeh. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Aug;32:200-204. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.07.005. PMID: 30057051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.07.005.

No abstract available.

PAIN, PULSE, DISCOMFORT, RESPIRATION, HAND MASSAGE, TRANSRADIAL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

The Effects of Hand Massage in Patients Who Underwent Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. [Article in Ko]. By Eun Sil Shin, Myung Hee Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2018 Aug; 48(4):465-474 PMID: 30206197 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2018.48.4.465.

Significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in the pain score, discomfort score, pulse, and respiration rate. Hand massage can be a helpful nursing intervention for transradial percutaneous coronary intervention by reducing pain and discomfort to a considerable degree.

ANXIETY, PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

Effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and physiological parameters in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A clinical trial. By Yaser Abbaszadeh, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Alehe Seyyedrasooli, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Sakineh Goljarian, Naser Safaei. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May; 1:220-228. PMID: 29705459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.02.018

This study indicated that foot reflexology may be used by nurses as an adjunct to standard ICU care to reduce anxiety and stabilize physiological parameters such as systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate.

ANXIETY, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Effect of hand and foot surface stroke massage on anxiety and vital signs in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. By Hasheminia Seyyed Alimohammad , Zahra Ghasemi, Salehi Shahriar, Sedehi Morteza, Khaledifar Arsalan. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May; 31:126-131. PMID: 29705444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.01.012

No significant difference was observed in the patients' levels of anxiety, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and pulse rate before the intervention. However, after the intervention, the mean changes in the levels of anxiety, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were significant. Conclusion: Hand and foot massage can be a useful nursing intervention in attenuating anxiety levels and improving the vital signs in patients.

2017

ANXIETY, CORONARY ANGIOGRAM, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

Effect of short-term hand reflexology on anxiety in patients before coronary angiography: A randomized placebo controlled trial. By Fatemeh Heidari, Nahid Rejeh,Majideh Heravi-Karimooi, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, Mojtaba Vaismoradi. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. Volume 16, December 2017, Pages 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2017.09.010

Hand reflexology alleviated anxiety without any adverse effects on patients before coronary angiography. Therefore, it can be recommended as a non-pharmacological nursing intervention along with other methods to relieve patients’ anxiety. However, future studies with a larger sample size is needed to further examine the efficacy of the hand reflexology intervention on patients’ psychological aspects.

FATIGUE, CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS, SENIORS, WOMEN

Aromatherapy massage versus reflexology on female elderly with acute coronary syndrome. By Bahrami, T., Rejeh, N., Heravi-Karimooi, M., Vaismoradi, M., Tadrisi, S.D. and Sieloff, C.L. (2018). Pub. by Nurs Crit Care, 23: 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12302

Implementation of both aromatherapy massage and reflexology has positive effects on the fatigue and cardiovascular parameters of patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, aromatherapy massage can be more beneficial to use as a supportive approach in coronary diseases.

ANXIETY, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

The effect of hand reflexology on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. By Maryam Mobini-Bidgoli, Mohsen Taghadosi, Hamidreza Gilasi, Alireza Farokhian. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2017 May; 27:31-36. PMID: 28438277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.01.002

Hand reflexology could effectively decrease anxiety in coronary angiography patients.

ANXIETY, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY, CHINESE HAND MASSAGE

Effectiveness of Chinese Hand Massage on Anxiety Among Patients Awaiting Coronary Angiography: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Lijuan Mei, Xing Miao, Haiying Chen, Xiufang Huang, Guohua Zheng. J Cardiovasc Nurs. Mar/Apr 2017; 32(2):196-203. PMID: 26646596 DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000309

Chinese hand massage effectively alleviated anxiety without any adverse effects among patients awaiting coronary angiography. Therefore, it might be recommended as a non-pharmacological nursing intervention. However, future study with a larger sample size is needed to further confirm the efficacy of Chinese hand massage intervention.

2016

SLEEP, SENIORS, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Comparing the Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage, Foot Bath and Their Combination on Quality of Sleep in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. By Ali Rahmani, Mahdi Naseri, Mohammad Mahdi Salaree, Batool Nehrir. J Caring Sci. 2016 Dec 1; 5(4):299-306. PMID: 28032074 PMCID: PMC5187550 DOI: 10.15171/jcs.2016.031

It can be concluded that the intervention of foot bath and foot reflexology massage are effective in reducing sleep disorders and there was a synergistic effect when used in combination. This complementary care method can be recommended to be implemented by CCU nurses.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HYPERTENSION, SENIORS

The Effectiveness Of Reflexology Massage In Lowering The Blood Pressure In Elderly With Hypertension. BySari, Levi & Renityas, Nevy & Wibisono, Wahyu. (2016). Pub. by Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery). 1. 200. 10.26699/jnk.v1i3.ART.p200-204.

The result of t-test showed that p <0.0001, means that there was significantly different result before and after treatment with reflexology massage on the feet with a medium timber. It is expected that people with hypertension do the feet reflexology massage in order to taking medication because can lower systolic blood pressure.

ANXIETY, BLOOD PRESSURE, QUALITY OF LIFE, AROMA FOOT MASSAGE,

The Effects of Aroma Foot Massage on Blood Pressure and Anxiety in Japanese Community-Dwelling Men and Women: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial. By Eri Eguchi , Narumi Funakubo, Kiyohide Tomooka, Tetsuya Ohira, Keiki Ogino, Takeshi Tanigawa. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 24; 11(3):e0151712. PMID: 27010201 PMCID: PMC4807074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151712

The self-administered aroma foot massage intervention significantly decreased the mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure as well as the state anxiety score, and tended to increase the mental health-related quality of life scores. The results suggest that aroma foot massage may be an easy and effective way to improve mental health and blood pressure.

CARDIOVASCULAR, HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

The acute (immediate) effects of reflexology on arterial compliance in healthy volunteers: A randomised study. By Kirsty Rollinson, Jenny Jones, Norma Scott, Ian L Megson, Stephen J Leslie. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Feb; 22:16-20. PMID: 26850799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.11.001

In healthy volunteers, there were no consistent changes in haemodynamic parameters with a single brief reflexology treatment. Thus from a cardiovascular point of view, reflexology (as delivered) would appear to have a limited (if any) effect on the cardiovascular system.

2015

PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS, MECHANICAL VENTILATION, OPEN HEART SURGERY

The effect of foot reflexology on physiologic parameters and mechanical ventilation weaning time in patients undergoing open-heart surgery: A clinical trial study. By Abbas Ebadi, Parastoo Kavei, Seyyed Tayyeb Moradian Yaser Saeid. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015 Aug; 21(3):188-92. PMID: 26256138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.07.001

The study groups did not differ significantly in terms of physiological parameters (P value > 0.05).The study findings demonstrated the efficiency of foot reflexology in shortening the length of weaning time.

POST OPERATIVE PAIN, CARDIAC SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

Evaluation of the preliminary effectiveness of hand massage therapy on postoperative pain of adults in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. By Mădălina Boitor, Géraldine Martorella, Caroline Arbour, Cécile Michaud , Céline Gélinas. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Jun; 16(3):354-66. PMID: 26025795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.08.014

This study supports potential benefits of hand massage for intensive care unit postoperative pain management. Although larger randomized controlled trials are necessary, this low-cost nonpharmacologic intervention can be safely administered.

HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

A randomized controlled trial of auricular acupressure in heart rate variability and quality of life for hypertension. By Mei-Ling Yeh, Yu-Chun Chang, Yi-Ying Huang, Tso-Ying Lee. Pub. by Complement Ther Med. 2015 Apr;23(2):200-9. PMID: 25847557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.005

Auricular Acupressure can be applied at the acupoints of shenmen, sympathesis, kidney, liver, heart, and subcortex to improve physical pain and mental health of QoL for hypertensive patients.

PAIN, SLEEP, VITAL SIGNS, FATIGUE, LIVER DISEASE/TRANSPLANT

Reflexology after End-Stage Liver Disease and Liver Transplant - A Case Study. By Cristina Posse, PHD, OTR/L Florida-licensed occupational therapist OT13544 Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. https://academyofancientreflexology.com/

The nature of this case study renders results that are only descriptive and subjective and no causality or correlation can be assumed. However, upon final interview, subject reported he felt very relaxed when getting home after sessions; he also said “it kind of helped my thinking” when referring to increased sharpness for playing chess in two opportunities – one with brother and one online match. Vital signs records and pain levels before and after sessions were mostly decreased. Sleep quality did not have noticeable changes, nor did fatigue or mood changes, but more studies are needed to determine statistical significance of the effects of reflexology on these variables for differ populations.

2014

PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE CARDIAC SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. By Géraldine Martorella, Mădălina Boitor, Cécile Michaud, Céline Gélinas. Heart Lung. Sep-Oct 2014; 43(5):437-44. PMID: 25064487 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.06.047.

Increasing staff acceptance, reducing the rest period, involving families, and repeating the treatment are avenues to consider. Building evidence for non-pharmacological pain management in the critical care setting is necessary.

ANXIETY, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY,

The effects of foot reflexology massage on anxiety in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized controlled trial. By Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Nahid Zargar, Maryam Sohrabi, Afshin Gholipour-Baradari, Alireza Khalilian. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014 Feb; 20(1):42-7. PMID: 24439644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.10.006

The significant decrease in anxiety in the experimental group following the foot reflexology massage supports the use of this complementary therapy technique for the relief of anxiety.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, RESPIRATION, CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY

The Effect of foot reflexology massage on physiological parameters in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. By Fatemeh Rigi, Aram Feizi, Zainab Amirian, Mohsen Naseri, Shahyad Salehi. Pub by cmja 2014; 4 (3) :865-875. http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.html

Foot reflexology was effective in reducing systolic blood pressure in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, but had no effect on other physiological parameters. More studies in this area are recommended.

2013

CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS, HEMODYNAMIC VARIABLES

Is there a specific hemodynamic effect in reflexology? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. By Jenny Jones, Patricia Thomson, Kathleen Irvine, Stephen J Leslie. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Apr; 19(4):319-28. PMID: 23072265 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0854

Further research approaches using more innovative designs and robust methods that can allow a treatment-induced, therapeutically beneficial hemodynamic effect to reveal itself are needed to help reflexology purchasers make a more informed decision about the safety and product quality of the reflexology hemodynamic claim and for reflexologists to be able to guarantee minimum product quality, validity, and safety standards in their practice.

ANXIETY, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

A randomized-controlled trial examining the effects of reflexology on anxiety of patients undergoing coronary angiography. By Mehdi Molavi Vardanjani, Negin Masoudi Alavi, Narges Sadat Razavi Mohammad Aghajani Esmail Azizi-Fini, Seied Morteza Vaghefi. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2013 Sep; 2(3):3-9. PMID: 25414869 PMCID: PMC4228540 DOI: 10.5812/nms.12167

Reflexology can decrease the anxiety level before coronary angiography. Therefore, reflexology before coronary angiography is recommended.

HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECT, CHRONIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS

Reflexology has no immediate haemodynamic effect in patients with chronic heart failure: a double blind randomised controlled trial. By Jenny Jones, Patricia Thomson, William Lauder, Kate Howie, Stephen J Leslie. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2013 Aug; 19(3):133-8. PMID: 23890459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.03.004

Reflexology applied to the feet of patients with chronic heart failure appears to have no immediate haemodynamic effects. While any long term treatment effect is uncertain, it would appear that reflexology is safe for use in this patient group.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD CIRCULATION
The adaptive mechanisms of cardio- and angioprotective action of reflexotherapy. [Article in Russian]. By S A Radzievskiĭ, I P Bobrovnitskiĭ, T S Solodovnikova, L G Agasarov, I A Bokova, É M Orekhova, T V Konchugova, T V Luk'ianova. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. Jan-Feb 2013; (1):55-9. PMID: 23520929

Clinical investigations demonstrated significant hypothensive, anti-ishemic and anti-arrhythmic effects of reflexotherapy, improved resistance of healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular diseases to physical and emotional loadings.

2012

ANXIETY, PHYSIOLOGICAL INDEXES, CORONARY HEART ANGIOGRAPHY

Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage and Benson Relaxation Techniques on Anxiety and Physiological Indexes of Patients undergoing Coronary Heart Angiography. By M. Torabi, M.Sc., M. Salavati, M.Sc., A.R. Ghahri Sarabi, M.Sc.. Pub. by Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2012; 20 (1) :63-73
URL: http://nmj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-1108-en.html

Results of this study suggested that foot reflexology massage and relaxation are effective in decreasing the anxiety and physiological indexes in angiography expecting patients, therefore it is recommended to use them as complementary methods before Cardiac Catheterization.

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE VARIABILITY, HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

Cardiovascular effects of reflexology in healthy individuals: evidence for a specific increase in blood pressure. By Elisabeth Ruiz Padial, Nieves Torres López, Javier Luna Bujaldón, Isabel Espadas Villanueva, Gustavo Reyes del Paso. Pub. by Alternative Medicine Studies Vol. 2, No. 1. (2012) https://doi.org/10.4081/ams.2012.e4

Reflexology specifically produces an increase in blood pressure, which increases gradually over the three sessions. The parallel increase in heart rate variability and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity together with the increase in blood pressure suggest that reflexology is associated with a co-activation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous System

CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS, HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS
Reflexology has an acute (immediate) haemodynamic effect in healthy volunteers: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. By Jenny Jones, Patricia Thomson, William Lauder, Kate Howie, Stephen J Leslie. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012 Nov; 18(4):204-11. PMID: 23059433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.03.006

Reflexology massage applied to the upper part of the left foot may have a modest specific effect on the cardiac index of healthy volunteers.

CHRONIC HEART DISEASE, HEART FAILURE, CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS

Double blind randomised controlled study of the acute (immediate) cardiovascular effects of reflexology in healthy volunteers and cardiac patients. By J Jones, P Thomson, W Lauder, and S Leslie. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012; 12(Suppl 1): P102. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-S1-P102 PMCID: PMC3373762

The findings suggest that reflexology massage applied to the upper part of the left foot in the area thought to relate to the ‘heart’ may have a modest specific effect on the cardiac index of healthy volunteers, but no specific effect on patients with various gradations of cardiovascular disease.

STRESS, BLOOD PRESSURE, FATIGUE, WOMEN

Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas. [Article in Ko]. By Ja Ok Kim, In Sook Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012 Oct; 42(5):709-18. PMID: 23221660 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.709.

Aroma self-foot reflexology massage can be utilized as an effective intervention for perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fatigue in middle-aged woman in rural areas.

CARDIAC PATIENTS, LOCATION OF HEART REFLEX

Reported treatment strategies for reflexology in cardiac patients and inconsistencies in the location of the heart reflex point: an online survey. By Jenny Jones, Patricia Thomson, William Lauder, Stephen J Leslie. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012 Aug; 18(3):145-50. PMID: 22789788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.04.001

Professional clarification around the heart reflex point location and further clinical research is urgently needed to establish the appropriateness of reflexology techniques for cardiac patients.

2011

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, VAGAL MODULATION, BLOOD PRESSURE,

Foot reflexology can increase vagal modulation, decrease sympathetic modulation, and lower blood pressure in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. By Wan-An Lu, Gau-Yang Chen, Cheng-Deng Kuo. Altern Ther Health Med.Jul-Aug 2011; 17(4):8-14. PMID: 22314629

Foot reflexology may be used as an efficient adjunct to the therapeutic regimen to increase the vagal modulation and decrease blood pressure in both healthy people and coronary artery disease patients.

BLOOD PRESSURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, HEALTHY ADULTS

The effect of reflexology on the autonomic nervous system in healthy adults: a feasibility study. By C M Hughes, S Krirsnakriengkrai, S Kumar, S M McDonough. Altern Ther Health Med. May-Jun 2011; 17(3):32-7. PMID: 22164810.

This study has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting an experimental study on the effect of reflexology in stress using blood pressure as the primary outcome measure. Results from such a study would address the lack of high-quality evidence for the physiological effects of reflexology.

BLOOD PRESSURE, QUALITY OF LIFE, HYPERTENSION

Effect of nursing intervention using foot reflexology on blood pressure and quality of life of hypertensive patients at Mansoura University: preliminary results. By Elshamy K, Elsafety E. Med J Cairo Univ. 2011; 79(2).

This study supported that foot reflexology can reduce blood pressure levels in patients with hypertension, it did not support that foot reflexology could improve quality of life in these patients. Future research is needed to support these findings specially the negative ones. It is recommended that qualitative research might be used in combination with quantitative research to determine details of patients' feelings, interactions, attitudes, cultural influences and satisfaction after intervention.

2010

COLD INTOLERANCE, WOMEN

A Pilot Study Exploring the Effects of Reflexology on Cold Intolerance. By Wenping Zhang, Shougo Takahashi, Takashi Miki, Hisayo Fujieda, Torao Ishida. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2010, Pages 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901 (10)60007-6

From these results, we conclude that reflexology has systemic effects and is an alternative method for treating cold intolerance.

2009

STRESS, FATIGUE, BLOOD CIRCULATION, PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue and blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women. [Article in Ko] By Soo Hyun Jang, Kye Ha Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009 Oct; 39(5):662-72. PMID: 19901496 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.662

The results showed that self-foot reflexology was effective in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and helped blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women. Conclusion: Self-foot reflexology may be an effective nursing intervention in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and in improving blood circulation.

2007

ANXIETY, CARDIOVASCULAR, SALIVORY CORTISOL, MELATONIN, STRESS

Evaluation of anxiety, salivary cortisol and melatonin secretion following reflexology treatment: a pilot study in healthy individuals. By A J McVicar, C R Greenwood, F Fewell, V D'Arcy, S Chandrasekharan, L C Alldridge. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2007 Aug;13(3):137-45. PMID: 17631256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2006.11.001

Reflexology had a powerful anxiety-reduction effect ('state'; P<0.001) but no significant effect on underlying anxiety ('trait'). Cardiovascular parameters decreased (P<0.001). Baseline salivary cortisol and melatonin were not significantly correlated with self reported anxiety scores and did not change significantly following reflexology. Reflexology reduced 'state' anxiety and cardiovascular activity within healthy individuals, consistent with stress-reduction.

ANXIETY, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY GRAFT SURGERY

Does the experimental design capture the effects of complementary therapy? A study using reflexology for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. By Thora Jenny Gunnarsdottir, Helga Jonsdottir. J Clin Nurs. 2007 Apr; 16(4):777-85. PMID: 17402960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01634.x

This study showed little evidence to support reflexology as a mean of reducing anxiety in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Several methodological problems were identified that need to be considered further.

2005

BLOOD FLOW, BLOOD CIRCULATION

Global Effect Of Reflexology On Blood Flow. By Piquemal, M., 10th ICR Conference in Amsterdam, September, 2005. The article originally appeared in the ICR Newsletter, (March 2006), Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 18-19.

Reflexology appears (at least for the lung, liver, stomach, pancreas and intestines) to be a good therapy for regulating functional blood disturbance to these organs.

2004

BLOOD PRESSURE, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, QUALITY OF LIFE, COBBLESTONE MAT WALKING, SENIORS

A Randomized Trial Study on Improving Physical Function and Blood Pressure in Older Adults Through Cobblestone Mat Walking. By Li, F and Fisher. K, Reflections: The Journal of Reflexology Research, 2004, Volume 25 Number 1.

Cobblestone mat walking was found to improve physical function and reduce blood pressure more significantly than regular walking in older adults. Additional benefits included improved quality of life.

ANXIETY, PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, PULSE, HAND MASSAGE, SURGICAL PATIENTS

Effects of hand massage and hand holding on the anxiety in patients with local infiltration anesthesia. [Article in Ko]. By Hyun-Jung Oh, Jeong-Sook Park. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004 Oct; 34(6):924-33. PMID: 15613828 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2004.34.6.924.

The hand massage group and hand holding group were more effective than the control group in reducing anxiety, VAS (pain) score, systolic blood pressure and pulse rate.

HYPERTENSION, QUALITY OF LIFE

Effects of Foot Reflexology on Essential Hypertension Patients. By Park HS., Cho GY., Psan 602-739, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004 Aug; 34(5):739-50.

Foot Reflexology was shown to be an effective nursing intervention to decrease systolic pressure and triglyceride levels, but not the blood cholesterol levels. Further research is needed to evaluate blood cholesterol in a larger group of subjects and for a longer period and to compare and evaluate effects of self-foot reflexology and foot reflexology.

ANXIETY, PULSE RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, CHILDREN, LEUKEMIA. CHEMOTHERAPY, HAND MASSAGE

Effect of Hand Massage on Nausea, Vomiting and Anxiety of Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia with High Dose Chemotherapy. By Ji-Eun Han, Master, RN, Young-Im Moon, PhD, and Ho-Ran Park, PhD. College of Nursing, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. 2004

In conclusion, hand massage could be effective in decreasing nausea, vomiting, state anxiety, pulse rate and blood pressure of acute leukemia children receiving high dose chemotherapy.

BLOOD CIRCULATION, COLD EXTREMITIES

Clinical Observation of the Therapeutic Effect of Reflexology in Treating the Coldness of Extremities. By Sugiura, K., Matsumoto, N., 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 4-7.

The treatment of 11 cases was remarkably effective; while 7 cases were effective. The reflexology not only relieves the coldness of the end of extremities, but also alleviates or gets rid of the other associated symptoms.

BLOOD CIRCULATORY DISEASES, AURICLE-BACK PLASTER THERAPY

A uricle-Back Plaster Therapy. By Shuwen, C., 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 8-16.

Treatment was remarkably effective for 48% and effective for 50%. For diseases of complicated etiological factors, the effect of this therapy was not so remarkable or came slowly. Thus, further studies are needed.

LIVER, PORTAL FLOW OF BLOOD

Preliminary Exploration on the Improvement of Portal Blood Flow by Reflexology in the Treatment of Moderate and Serious Fatty Liver. By Ying, M., 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 23-24.

Obvious increase in liver portal blood flow speed and blood flow speed to feet and liver portal all increased remarkably. The increase would help to improve the fat infiltration into liver cells; reduce the pressure of liver sinusoid; reduce the resistance, thus helping to bring about recovery. Reflexology might play a positive and complementary role in the prevention and treatment of fatty liver cases.

2003

DIABETES MELLITUS, PULSE RATE, FATIGUE, MOOD STATUS, BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

Effect of Foot Reflex Massage on Stress Responses, and Glucose Level of Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus Patients. By Kim KS., Korean J Rehabil Nurs. 2003 Dec 6 (2) 152-163.

Foot reflexology is shown to improve pulse rate, general fatigue, foot fatigue and mood status in diabetes patients. Further research is needed to explore the effect of decreasing of blood glucose levels.

2002

BLOOD, SERUM LEVEL CHANGES, SENIORS

The effect of Reflexotherapy on the Changes of Serum IL-1B, IL-6 mRNA Gene Expression: A Clinical and Experimental Study. By Qiang, Z., Ping, W., Bo, S., Kefeng, N., Zhixing, W., Huasong, L., Dong, S., Zhenxiang, L., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, pages 49-53.

The old groups showed higher levels of IL-1B, IL-6 content compared to the young groups. Both II-1B, and IL-6 content in the Old Therapy Group decreased significantly after reflexotherapy. The young people showed no significant changes of serum IL-1B, IL-6 content and reflexotherapy can be a promising method for anti-aging.

HYPERTENSION, BLOOD INDEXES

Cl inical Observation of influence on Blood Indexes by Reflexotherapy. By Donghua, M., Haiming, H., Hui, Z., Lingling, L., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, pages 65-66

Reflexotherapy could decrease the value of Triglyceride (Tc) and increase that of High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDLC), which could be beneficial to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.

BLOOD MICROCIRCULATION,

Reflexotherapy and Microcirculation. By Zhaowei, Z., Baoqing, D., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, page 67.

The diameter of arteriole limb and venule limb were all enlarged, indicating a dilation of the micro-vessels. And the speed of Micro Blood flow increased markedly; at the same time, the removal of aggregation of red blood cells was noted—all indications of better microcirculation. Reflexotherapy was able to improve human microcirculation, thus it can be beneficial to preservation of health and treatment of diseases.

SENIORS, BLOOD CIRCULATION, FOOT MASSAGE, QUALITY OF LIFE

The Effect of Foot Massage with Biofeedback: A Pilot Study to Enhance Health Promotion. By Prapasri Jirayingmongkol, Supatra Chantein, Nuppawan Phengchomjan, Nitaya Bhanggananda. September 2002. Nursing and Health Sciences 4(3):A4 - A4 DOI:10.1046/j.1442-2018.2002.01140_9.x

It was concluded that the foot massage provided good circulation, relaxation, and comfort. All subjects expressed positive feelings when they received the foot massage (i.e. ‘It is very nice that foot massage can relieve my joint pain, I am happy and comfortable’). These findings appear to indicate that foot massage is beneficial both for physical and mental conditions

RELIABILITY OF SMALL INTESTINE, HEART REFLEXES

Comparative Analysis Of 115 Cases Of Positive Signs Of Heart Reflex And Small Intestine Reflex In Comparison With ECG. By Hu, G., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 10-11.

Among 115 cases that had positive signs on their Heart reflex and Small Intestine reflex, 92 cases had suffered from different types of heart diseases verified by ECG. While 23 cases had normal ECG results, further examination showed that 19 cases of those 23 had hypertension, and 4 cases had cerebral vascular disease, all of them closely related with the Heart. The result also indicated that the tenderness on the Small Intestine reflex increased in parallel with that of the Heart reflex.

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING, CARDIAC SURGERY

The impact of foot massage and guided relaxation following cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. By Jennifer Hattan, Lindy King, Peter Griffiths. J Adv Nurs. 2002 Jan; 37(2):199-207. PMID: 11851788 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02083.x

There was a clear (nonsignificant) trend across all psychological variables for both foot massage and, to a lesser extent, guided relaxation to improve psychological wellbeing. Both interventions were well received by the subjects. Conclusions: These interventions appear to be effective, non-invasive techniques for promoting psychological wellbeing in this patient group. Further investigation is indicated.

CIRCULATION, RELAXATION, COMFORT, SENIORS

The Effect of Foot Massage with Biofeedback: A Pilot Study to Enhance Health Promotion. By Prapasri Jirayingmongkol,Supatra Chantein,Nuppawan Phengchomjan, Nitaya Bhanggananda. Nurs Health Sci. 2002; 4: A4.

It was concluded that the foot massage provided good circulation, relaxation, and comfort. These findings appear to indicate that foot massage is beneficial both for physical and mental conditions

2001

INTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW,

Influence of reflex zone therapy of the feet on intestinal blood flow measured by color Doppler sonography. [Article in German]. By E Mur, J Schmidseder, I Egger, G Bodner, G Eibl, F Hartig, K P Pfeiffer, M Herold. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2001 Apr; 8(2):86-9. PMID: 11340315 DOI: 10.1159/000057201

The reduction in the resistive index observed in the treatment group supports the assumption that FRZM improves blood flow in the organs considered to be associated with the specific foot zones, at least during the therapy process.

2000

BLOOD FLOW

Observation of Influence on Blood Flow in Radial Artery of 22 Cases with Taut or Normal Pulse by Foot Reflexology. By Ma, Y., 2000 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 59-60.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for increasing arterial blood flow.

1999

RENAL BLOOD FLOW, URINARY

Changes of renal blood flow during organ-associated foot reflexology measured by color Doppler sonography. [Article in German]. By I Sudmeier, G Bodner, I Egger, E Mur, H Ulmer, M Herold. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999 Jun; 6(3):129-34. PMID: 10460981 DOI: 10.1159/000021238

The significant decrease of the resistive index during foot reflexology in the verum group indicates a decrease of flow resistance in renal vessels and an increase of renal blood flow. These findings support the hypothesis that organ-associated foot reflexology is effective in changing renal blood flow during therapy.

HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATION

Immediate effects of a five-minute foot massage on patients in critical care. By J Hayes, C Cox. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1999 Apr; 15(2):77-82. PMID: 10595045 DOI: 10.1016/s0964-3397(99)80003-2

Results indicated foot massage had the potential effect of increasing relaxation as evidenced by physiological changes during the brief intervention administered to critically ill patients in intensive care.

1998

HEART DISEASE DIAGNOSIS, WOMEN

Differential Diagnosis of Vegetative Nervous Disorder with Organic Heart Disease by Applying Reflexo-massage to Foot Reflex of Celiac Plexus. By Hong, D., Zhao G., and Wang, D., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 9-10.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of differentiation of functional and organic heart diseases.

BLOOD, BLEEDING, BRUISING

Analysis of Therapeutic Effect of Reflexotherapy in Treating Thrombocytopenic Purpura. By Gao, W., Wu, Y., and Liu, H., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 11-12.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of thrombocytopenic purpura, subcutaneous hemorrhage, muco-hemorrhage, hemorrhagic disease, and visceral hemorrhage.

BLOOD, WHITE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION, INSOMNIA, URINARY INFECTIONS

Treatment of Leukopenia with Reflexotherapy. By Xu, Y. 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 32-33.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of leukopenia, insomnia, urinary infections and weakness because it readjusts the production and composition of white blood cells in the blood.

BLOOD, CHOLESTEROL

Comparative Study on the Treatment of Hyperlipernia with Four Therapies. By Gui, S., Li, Y., Huang, J., Xiao, X., Chen, S., Gu, X., Zhu, S., Liao, E., and Luo, D., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 34-37.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in the reduction of fatty deposits in the blood. However, the results are not completely conclusive due to the study design.

CORONARY HEART DISEASE,

Clinical Observation on Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with Foot Reflexotherapy. By Li, Z., and Liu, Y., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 38-41.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms associated with coronary heart disease.

BLOOD, PAIN, FATIGUE, EDEMA, HYPERTENSION, URIC ACID, KIDNEY DISEASE

Hyperuricemia Treated with Foot Reflexotherapy - Clinical Research of 21 Cases. By Zhong, Z., Ding, W., Qiu, S., Lu, Y., Ye, J., Zhang, Z., and Xie, Q., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 89-91.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of hyperuricemia blood uric acid.

BLOOD OXYGEN, PULSE, RESPIRATION

Exploration on the Effects of Pulse, Respiration and Oxygen Saturation of Blood by Different Strength of Stimulus. By Feng, J., Fan, C., Feng, X., and Yang L., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 94-96.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for increasing rates of pulse, respiration, and blood oxygen levels.

DIABETES MELLITUS, ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW

Clinical Observation on Influence Upon Arterial Blood Flow in the Lower Limbs of 20 Cases with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Foot Reflexology. By Ma, Y., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Bejing: China Reflexology Association. pages 97-100.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of arterial blood flow in the lower limbs of Type II diabetes mellitus

1997

BLOOD PRESSURE, SINUS ARRYTHMIA, PHYSIOLOGICAL

The Effect of Reflexology on Baroreceptor Reflex Sensitivity, Blood Pressure and Sinus Arrhythmia. By Frankel, B., Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 1997, Vol. 5, pages 80-84.

Foot reflexology, in conjunction with massage, was found to be effective for eliciting measurable Baroreceptor changes in the body as an explanation for how reflexology works.

1996

BLOOD, CHOLESTEROL

Impact of the Massotherapy Applied to Foot Reflexes on Blood Fat of Human Body. By Gui, S., Xiao, X., Li, Y., Fu, W., and Luo, D., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 21-23.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of hyperlipidemia.

HYPERTENSION, ENDOCRINE, MEN, SENIORS

Exploration on the Treatment for Hypertension with Reflexology Applied to Adrenal Reflex. By Zhong, Z., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 24-25.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of hypertension.

HYPERTHYROIDISM, INSOMNIA, ANXIETY, ARRHYTHMIA, WOMEN,

Exploration of the Treatment for Hyperthyroidism with Foot Reflexotherapy. By Wang, H.,1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 34-36

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in the relief of hyperthyroidism.

KIDNEY STONES, BLOOD CIRCULATION, MEN

Nephrolithiasis Cured by Foot Reflexo-therapy. By Liao, L., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 54-55.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones).

HYPERTENSION, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Hypertension of Pregnancy Treated with Foot Reflexology. By Xu, Y., and S.X., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report. Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 68-69.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in relieving the symptoms of hypertension, shorten duration of delivery, increasing the rate of spontaneous labor, and improving the health of mothers and babies.

BARTHOLIN’S GLAND CYST, PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, SLEEP, WOMEN

T reatment of Bartholin's Gland Cyst with Foot Reflexo-Therapy. By Xu, L., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 86-87.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms of Bartholin's Gland Cyst.

URINARY BLADDER TUMOR, BLOOD CIRCULATION,

Foot Massage in the Treatment for Bilateral Leg Circulation Disturbance. By Wu, Y., and Li, Z. , 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 97-98.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of bilateral leg circulation disturbance.

OBESITY, HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME, CARDIOVASCULAR SYNDROME, ENDOCRINE, DIGESTIVE

Effects of Foot Reflexotherapy on Obesity - Related Syndromes. By Sun, J. 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 122-124.

Results: those with hypoventilation and cardiac problems (15 patients) were relieved 100%; those with endocrine problems (12 patients) 91%; those with digestive problems 100%. Foot reflexology combined with magnetic beads on ear reflexology points, was found to be effective for the relief of obesity-related syndromes.

BLOOD, FREE RADICALS

A Preliminary Study on the Mechanism of Foot Reflexo-massage - Its Effects on Free Radicals. By Gui, S., Zhang, C., Dong, J. and Luo, D., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 128-135.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for decreasing the production of free radicals and symptom reductions associated with their various diagnoses.

1994

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING, CEREBRAL VASCULAR THROMBOSIS

Clinical Experience of Foot Massage in the Treatment of Sequelae of Carbon-Monoxide Poisoning - A Case Report. By Su, F. and Shang, Y. 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 8-10.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for reducing the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning.

HYPERTENSION, HYPOTENSION

Effects of Reflexology on Hypertension and Hypotension. By Liu, S., Li, G. and Zhang, D., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 46.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of hypertension and hypotension.

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, WOMEN

A Case of Atrial Fibrillation Treated by Foot Reflexology. By Xu, Q., Wang, Y. and Wang, L., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 47.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in relieving and eliminating atrial fibrillation.

BLOOD, ANEMIA, PAIN, SLEEP, PARALYSIS

A Case Report on Treatment of Megloblastic Anemia with Paraplegia by Foot Reflexology. By Yang, Y., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 48-50.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in relieving paralysis in legs and improving anemia.

PREEXCITATION SYNDROME (ABNORMAL HEART RHYTHM), TACHYCARDIA, WOMEN

Adhesive Magnetic Therapy of Foot Reflex Zone for Preexcition Syndrome with Tachycardia. By Sun, J., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 51-52.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of preexcitation syndrome.

ANGINA, MEN , SENIORS

Effect of Foot Massage on a Patient with Angina Observing with EKG: A Case Report. By Zhang, B., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 53-54.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in relieving the symptoms associated with angina attacks

BLOOD CIRCULATION

Effect of Foot Massage on Blood Circulation. By Wu, S., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 147.

In conclusion, blood circulation improved with the treatment of foot reflexology.

1993

CARDIAC CATHERIZATION, CHEST PAIN

Is Chest Pain Affected by Reflexology Intervention? A Small Study. By Berker, M., Footprints, 1993, Vol. 9, page 9.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of chest pain after cardiac catherization.

HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE), WOMEN

Foot Reflexology Therapy for Benign Intracranial Hypertension: Report of One Case. By Jiang Y., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 11.

Foot reflexology was shown to possibly be effective for the relief of benign intracranial hypertension by regulating endocrine system and promoting lymphatic circulation.

ARRHYTHMIA (TRIGEMINAL PULSE), MEN

Curing an Arrhythmia (trigeminal pulse) with Foot Reflexology. By Wang, S., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 18-19.

Foot reflexology has been shown to be effective for the relief of arrhythmia (trigeminal pulse)

CARDIOPATHY SYMPTOMS

Treatment of Cardiopathy with Foot Reflexology. By Chen, X., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 20-21.

Foot reflexology has been shown to be effective for the relief of symptoms associated with cardiopathy.