REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH - CANCER

2024

CANCER

Reflexology in oncological treatment - a systematic review. By Moritz Klaus, Sabine Kutschan, Heidrun Männle, Jutta Hübner, Jennifer Dörfler. Pub. by BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024 Jan 11;24(1):32. PMID: 38212747 PMCID: PMC10782728 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04220-4

Due to the very heterogeneous results and methodical limitations of the included studies, a clear statement regarding the effectiveness of reflexology on cancer patients is not possible. The current evidence indicates that reflexology is superior to passive control groups for pain, quality of life and fatigue, however, more studies with comparable active control groups are needed.

2023

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, CANCER

Integrative Oncology Care of Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adults With Cancer: Society for Integrative Oncology–ASCO Guideline. By Linda E. Carlson, Nofisat Ismaila, Elizabeth L. Addington, Gary N. Asher, Chloe Atreya, Lynda G. Balneaves, Joke Bradt, Nina Fuller-Shavel, Joseph Goodman, Caroline J. Hoffman, Alissa Huston, Ashwin Mehta, Channing J. Paller, Kimberly Richardson, Dugald Seely, Chelsea J. Siwik, Jennifer S. Temel, and Julia H. Rowland. Pub by Journal of Clinical Oncology 202341:28,4562-4591

Reflexology is recommended for treating symptoms of anxiety and depression during active treatment; and, for treating anxiety and depression symptoms after cancer treatment. The quality of evidence is reported as “low” and the strength of the recommendations is “weak”.

CANCER, PAIN, SWELLING, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, ANXIETY

Patients’ experiences of clinical foot reflexology in a hospital cancer service. By Langstone-Wring A, Whatley J. Pub. by (2023)Cancer Nursing Practice. doi: 10.7748/cnp.2023.e1841

Clinical foot reflexology can offer patients with cancer relief from symptoms associated with their condition or cancer treatment, for example pain, swelling or those related to peripheral neuropathy, reduce their anxiety levels and provide therapeutic effects such as relaxation and comfort.

CANCER, MENTAL HEALTH, QUALITY OF LIFE

The effectiveness of reflexology on mental health in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. By Esther Jie Tian, Yasamin Veziari, Matthew J Leach, Saravana Kumar. Pub by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2023 Feb;50:101708. PMID: 36434907 DOI: 0.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101708

An unequivocal recommendation supporting reflexology cannot be made. Greater utilisation of well-established reporting guidelines, together with increased investment in well-designed, high-quality clinical research are required.

QUALITY OF LIFE, CHEMOTHERAPY, NEUROPATHY, COLORECTAL CANCER PATIENTS

The Effect of Reflexology on Quality of Life in Colorectal Cancer Patients Suffering Chemotherapy-induced Neuropathy: A Randomized and Controlled Trial. By Hesam GHOLAMZADEH, Mahnaz ILKHANI, Behnam ABEDINI, Ahmad AMERI, Nezhat SHAKERI, Ali MOHAMMADABADI4. Pub. by Turk J Oncol 2023;38(2):228–37. Accessible online at: www.onkder.org doi: 10.5505/tjo.2023.3752

The result of this study showed that foot reflexology relieved neurotoxicity associated with chemotherapy which improved the Quality of Life in colorectal cancer patients. Hence, this low cost and easy procedure can be recommended as an effective technique.

CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) with Non-Pharmacological Interventions: Clinical Recommendations from a Systematic Scoping Review and an Expert Consensus Process. by Nadja Klafke, Jasmin Bossert, Birgit Kröger, Petra Neuberger, Ute Heyder, Monika Layer, Marcela Winkler, Christel Idler, Elke Kaschdailewitsch, Rolf Heine, Heike John, Tatjana Zielke, Beeke Schmeling, Sosamma Joy, Isabel Mertens, Burcu Babadag-Savas, Sara Kohler, Cornelia Mahler, Claudia M. Witt, Diana Steinmann, Petra Voiss, and Regina Stolz. Pub. by Med. Sci. 2023, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci11010015

The evidence of both the review and the expert panel supports a variety of complementary procedures regarding the supportive treatment of CIPN; however, the application on patients should be individually weighed in each case. Based on this meta-synthesis, interprofessional healthcare teams may open up a dialogue with patients interested in non-pharmacological treatment options to tailor complementary counselling and treatments to their needs.

FATIGUE, RADIOTHERAPY

Comparing the Effects of Warm Footbath and Foot Reflexology on the Fatigue of Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Mazloum SR, Rajabzadeh M, Mohajer S, Bahrami-Taghanaki H, Namazinia M. Pub. by Integr Cancer Ther. 2023 Jan-Dec;22:15347354231172940. doi: 10.1177/15347354231172940. PMID: 37162156; PMCID: PMC10176550.

Our results showed that foot reflexology and warm footbath reduced the fatigue of patients undergoing radiotherapy. However, foot reflexology was more effective in reducing the fatigue of patients undergoing radiotherapy than warm footbath. It is recommended that simple and low cost non-pharmacological interventions such as foot reflexology to decrease of side effect of radiotherapy among cancer patients should be widely performed.

2022

ANXIETY, FATIGUE, CANCER

Foot Reflexology: Recent Research Trends and Prospects. By Deng-Chuan Cai, Ching-Yun Chen, Ting-Yun Lo. Pub. by Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 20;11(1):9. PMID: 36611469 PMCID: PMC9819031 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010009

Foot reflexology has been shown to have a moderating effect on anxiety, fatigue, and cancer, and is a topic of ongoing and future research. This study uses this bibliometric analysis of foot reflexology literature to provide an overview of prior knowledge and a reference direction for modern preventive medicine.

SLEEP QUALITY, COLORECTAL CANCER PATIENTS, CHEMOTHERAPY

Effect of Reflexology on the Quality of Sleep in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Clinical Trial Study. By Behnam Abedini, Mahnaz Ilkhani, Hesam Gholamzadeh, Ahmad Ameri, Nezhat Shakeri, Ali Mohammad Abadi. Pub. by Evidence Based Care, 12(1), 31-39. doi: 10.22038/ebcj.2022.61896.2607.

Based on the obtained results, foot reflexology massage improves sleep quality in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to implement educational and supportive interventions, such as foot reflexology to assess the sleep quality of cancer patients and determine its compliance with standard tools that are designed to improve sleep quality and quality of life in these patients.

NAUSEA-VOMITING, SLEEP QUALITY, LUNG CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY

The Impact of Foot Reflexology on Nausea-Vomiting and Sleep Quality for Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy in Turkey. By Pekmezci H, Hintistan S. Pub. by Cyprus J Med Sci 2022;7(5):614-622

Foot reflexology was found to be an effective method in reducing sleep problems together with the experience, formation and distress of nausea and vomiting for those patients with lung cancer who were receiving chemotherapy

CANCER, NEW MEDICAL GUIDELINES

New Complementary Therapy Guidelines for Cancer Pain From ASCO, SIO. By Jamie DePolo, Pub. by Breastcancer.org.

RESULTS The literature search identified 227 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline.

RECOMMENDATIONS Among adult patients, acupuncture should be recommended for aromatase inhibitor–related joint pain. Acupuncture or reflexology or acupressure may be recommended for general cancer pain or musculoskeletal pain. Hypnosis may be recommended to patients who experience procedural pain. Massage may be recommended to patients experiencing pain during palliative or hospice care. These recommendations are based on an intermediate level of evidence, benefit outweighing risk, and with moderate strength of recommendation. The quality of evidence for other mind-body interventions or natural products for pain is either low or inconclusive. There is insufficient or inconclusive evidence to make recommendations for pediatric patients. More research is needed to better characterize the role of integrative medicine interventions in the care of patients with cancer.

CANCER, PAIN

Integrative Medicine for Pain Management in Oncology: Society for Integrative Oncology–ASCO Guideline. By Jun J. Mao MD, Nofisat Ismaila MD, Ting Bao MD, Debra Barton PhD, Eran Ben-Arye MD, Eric L. Garland PhD, Heather Greenlee ND, PhD, Thomas Leblanc MD, Richard T. Lee MD, Ana Maria Lopez MD, Charles Loprinzi MD, Gary H. Lyman MD, MPH, Jodi MacLeod BA, Viraj A. Master MD, PhD, Kavitha Ramchandran MD, Lynne I. Wagner PhD, Eleanor M. Walker MD, Deborah Watkins Bruner PhD, Claudia M. Witt MD, MBA, and Eduardo Bruera MD. Pub. by Med. Sci. 2023, 11(1), 15;

SLEEP QUALITY, SOAKING FEET IN WARM WATER, RADIOTHERAPY PATIENTS

Comparison of the effect of soaking feet in warm water and foot reflexology on sleep quality of patients undergoing radiotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. By Mahla Rajabzadeh, Seyed Reza Mazloum, Samira Mohajer, Hamidreza Bahrami Taghanaki. Pub. by J. of Hayat. Volume 28, Issue 2 (6-2022).

Foot reflexology and soaking feet in warm water improve sleep quality in patients undergoing radiotherapy but foot reflexology is more effective in improving sleep quality. Therefore, using this method is recommended.

NAUSEA, VOMITING, ANXIETY, BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, WOMEN

Determining the Effect of Reflexology on Nausea, Vomiting and Anxiety in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Neriman Yükseltürk Şimşek, Bariş Nacir, Ayten Demir. Pub. by Complement Med Res. 2022 May 24. PMID: 35609525 DOI: 10.1159/000525034.

The research showed that while reflexology did not affect nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, it was helpful in reducing anxiety.

PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, CANCER

Well-being treatments in cancer care: patient benefits. By Guillaume Buiret, Sophie Lantheaume. Pub. by BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2022 Jan 19;bmjspcare-2021-003458. PMID: 35045979 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003458.

The well-being treatments studied (foot reflexology, socio-aesthetics, sophrology and singing) provided significant pain relief and increased well-being in patients with cancer after their completion.

ANXIETY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety in Women with Breast Cancer: A Randomized-controlled Trial. By Mohadeseh Rezaei, Vahid Naseri-Salahshour, Fatemeh Rafiei, Fatolah Mohagheghi, Mahbobeh Sajadi. Pub. by EBCJ.2021. Volume 11, Issue 4, January 2022 Pages 33-39.

As reflexology did not affect the anxiety of women with breast cancer, this method can be combined with other non-pharmacological interventions to control anxiety in women with this complication; however, it should not be utilized alone in the clinic to manage anxiety. Further studies are recommended to be conducted with larger sample sizes and extended periods on anxiety and mental health disorders in these women.

CANCER, ACUPUNCTURE

Acupuncture and Reflexology for Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Cohort Study. By Suzanne J Grant, Gretel Spiegel, Amanda Brand, Ki Kyung Kwon, Gillian Heller, Victoria Choi, Emma K Wong, Lindley Randle, Judith Lacey. Pub. by Integr Cancer Ther. 2022 Jan-Dec;21:15347354221123055. PMID: 36154513, PMCID: PMC9515520, DOI: 10.1177/15347354221123055

The results indicate that acupuncture and reflexology administered alongside chemotherapy may reduce patient reported symptom burden and patient global symptom related distress. Future research would include an active control group, and consider confounding factors such as chemotherapy stage and medication.

2021

NAUSEA, VOMITTING, CHEMOTHERAPY, DIGESTIVE CANCER, LUNG CANCER

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Patients With Digestive or Lung Cancer: Randomized Controlled Trial. By Audrey Murat-Ringot, Pierre Jean Souquet, Fabien Subtil, Florent Boutitie, Marie Preau, Vincent Piriou. Pub. by JMIR Cancer. 2021 Nov 5; 7(4):e25648. PMID: 34738909 PMCID: PMC8663669 DOI: 10.2196/25648

This study's results indicate that foot reflexology provides significantly better management of acute nausea severity and decreased consumption of antiemetic drugs in patients with lung or digestive cancer. To assess the benefits of foot reflexology in routine practice, a larger study with several health care centers with a cluster randomized controlled trial is needed.

NAUSEA, PAIN, CANCER

Foot Reflexology: An Intervention for Pain and Nausea Among Inpatients With Cancer. By Kristen D Anderson, Marty Downey. Pub. by Clin. J Oncol. Nurs. 2021 Oct 1; 25(5):539-545. PMID: 34533507 DOI: 10.1188/21.CJON.539-545

Results show that foot reflexology significantly decreases pain for inpatients with cancer as compared to traditional nursing care alone. Although the effects on nausea are not statistically significant, they may be clinically relevant; the mean changes in pre- and post session nausea ratings indicate at least some decreased nausea among patients in the intervention group.

FATIGUE, CANCER

Reflexology and meditative practices for symptom management among people with cancer: Results from a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial. By Gwen Wyatt, Rebecca Lehto, Pratim Guha-Niyogi, Sarah Brewer, David Victorson, Thaddeus Pace, Terry Badger, Alla Sikorskii. Pub. by Res Nurs Health. 2021 Oct; 44(5):796-810. PMID: 34515341 PMCID: PMC8438223 (available on 2022-10-01) DOI: 10.1002/nur.22169.

Clinically, nurses can recommend either therapy since no differences were found among the 4 DRs, with the exception of lower severity for summed M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory symptoms at week 8 for the use of reflexology only (DR-1) versus DR-2 (sequencing reflexology to meditative practices). Adding the other therapy for non-responders after 4 weeks may not be warranted.

ANXIETY, PAIN, AROMATHERAPY, BRACHYTHERAPY (Radiation Therapy) , CERVICAL CANCER.

Effect of Foot Reflexology and Aromatherapy on Anxiety and Pain During Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer. By Lisa Blackburn, Catherine Hill, Amy Lindsey, Loraine T. Sinnott, Kathrynn Thompson, Allison Quick. Pub. by Oncology Nursing Forum. Number 3 / May 2021. PMID: 33855996 DOI: 10.1188/21.ONF.265-276

All average pain and anxiety scores were equal or lower at each key time point for the intervention group. Statistically significant differences were found for the intervention group for anxiety on the numeric rating scale and on the STAI, but only post-reflexology. Implications for nursing: Nurses and other healthcare providers can be trained to provide reflexology during painful, anxiety-producing procedures to increase patient tolerance of these treatments and overall quality of life.

CHEMOTHERAPY

Acupuncture and reflexology for patients undergoing chemotherapy: an observational study. By Suzanne Jane Grant, Gretel Spiegel, Amanda BRAND, Ki Kyung KWON, Gillian HELLER, Victoria CHOI, Emma Wong, Lindley RANDLE, Judith LACEY. This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. September 2021. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-941637/v1

There is clinical trial evidence of effectiveness for acupuncture for commonly experienced symptoms, and emerging evidence for reflexology, but little is known about the effects of these therapies on multiple symptoms when implemented in a real world setting during active chemotherapy treatment. The results indicate that acupuncture and reflexology administered alongside chemotherapy may reduce patient reported symptom burden and patient global symptom related distress. Future research would include an active control group, and consider confounding factors such as chemotherapy stage and medication.

PAIN, SPIRITUALITY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

Pain and Spirituality Outcomes Among Women With Advanced Breast Cancer Participating in a Foot Reflexology Trial. By Megan Miller, Ding Xu, Rebecca H Lehto, Jason S Moser. Pub. by Oncology Nursing Forum 48(1):31-43 Jan. 2021. DOI:10.1188/21.ONF.31-43

Self-reported spirituality and pain were not associated with uptake of the reflexology intervention, indicating a need for further research into potential factors contributing to intervention engagement. Overall, this work highlights the need for continued nursing efforts to enhance pain management strategies for individuals with advanced cancer, which may include components of spirituality.

2020

PAIN, BREAST CANCER, MASTECTOMY, RADIOTHERAPY

Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage on Pain and Need for Opioid in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Mastectomy after Radiotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Eghdam-Zamiri, Dorosti. Pub. by Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Disease. 2020; 13(1):8-16.

Foot reflexology massage reduced the severity of pain and the need for opioids in women who are candidates for mastectomy following radiation therapy.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY PAIN, SLEEP, NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA

The Effect of Foot Massage on Peripheral Neuropathy-Related Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. By Pınar Sarısoy Ozlem Ovayolu. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2020; 34(6):345-355. PMID: 33060497 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000412

It has been shown that foot massage intervention reduces the patients' pain levels and has a positive effect on their sleep quality. Accordingly, foot massage can be recommended to patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to reduce their peripheral neuropathy-related pain and improve their sleep quality.

BREATHLESSNESS, ADVANCED CANCER,

Nonpharmacological Interventions for Managing Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review. By Gupta A, Sedhom R, Sharma R, et al. Pub. by JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(2):290–298. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.5184

In the outpatient setting, nonpharmacological interventions associated with improved breathlessness were acupressure and reflexology (integrative medicine) (low SOE) and multicomponent interventions (combined activity and rehabilitation, behavioral and psychoeducational, and integrative medicine) (low SOE) lasting for a few weeks to months.Findings of this review include the safety and association with improved breathlessness of several nonpharmacological interventions for adults with advanced cancer. Guidelines and clinical practice should evolve to incorporate nonpharmacological interventions as first-line treatment for adults with advanced cancer and breathlessness.

BREAST CANCER RELATED LYMPHOEDEMA, THERMAL IMAGING

Using thermal imaging to measure changes in breast cancer-related lymphoedema during reflexology. By Judith Anne Whatley, Sally Kay. Pub. by Br J Community Nurs.2020 Oct 1; 25(Sup10):S6-S11. PMID: 33030372 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.Sup10.S6

Thus, thermal imaging may be useful in tracking temperature change during treatment for breast cancer-related lymphoedema.

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, CANCER, PALLIATIVE CARE

Complementary Therapies for Patients with Cancer: Reflexology and Relaxation in Integrative Palliative Care. A Randomized Controlled Comparative Study. By Alexandra Mantoudi, Efi Parpa, Eleni Tsilika, Chrysanthi Batistaki, Maria Nikoloudi, Vassilios Kouloulias, Sotiria Kostopoulou, Antonis Galanos, and Kyriaki Mystakidou. Pub. by The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Volume: 26 Issue 9: September 2020. 794- 800. http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0402

Both interventions, relaxation and reflexology, seemed to be effective in decreasing anxiety and depression in patients with cancer. However, reflexology was found to be more effective in improving QoL (physical component) and to have a greater effect on pain management than relaxation.

FOOT MASSAGE, CHEMOTHERAPY, NAUSEA, VOMITING,

Effect of Foot Massage on Patients with Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Cluny Asha, Kumari Jayaram Manjini, Biswajit Dubashi. Pub. by J Caring Sci. 2020 Aug 18; 9(3):120-124. PMID: 32963979 PMCID: PMC7492965 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2020.018.

The findings of the study revealed that the foot massage therapy is effective in reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among patients undergone highly emetogenic chemotherapy. The study helped to conclude that foot massage can be considered effective intervention in chemotherapy patients.

CHEMO-THERAPY INDUCED NAUSEA, VOMITTING, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM or LUNG CANCER

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Patients with Digestive System or Lung Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. By Audrey Murat-Ringot, Pierre Jean Souquet, MD, Marion Chauvenet, MD, Charlotte Rentler, BA, Fabien Subtil, PhD, Anne-Marie Schott, PhD, MD, Marie Preau, PhD, and Vincent Piriou, PhD, MD. Pub. by JMIR Res Protoc. 2020 Jul; 9(7): e17232. doi: 10.2196/17232 PMCID: PMC7388046 PMID: 32449505.

The lack of knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of foot reflexology limits oncologists to recommend it for this use. This study will provide evidence of the benefits of foot reflexology. If efficacy is confirmed, foot reflexology may be a promising complement to conventional antiemetic drugs.

ANXIETY, SLEEP, CANCER CAREGIVERS

Effect of reflexology on anxiety and sleep of informal cancer caregiver: Randomized controlled trial. By İsmail Toygar, Öznur Usta Yeşilbalkan, Yasemin Güzel Malseven, Esra Sönmez. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 May; 39:101143. PMID: 32379631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101143

Foot reflexology was found as an effective intervention to reduce anxiety and improve the quality of sleep of informal cancer caregivers. The effect of placebo on reducing the anxiety of informal caregivers was found, but it wasn't as effective as reflexology.

PAIN, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN, HOME-BASED CAREGIVER-DELIVERED REFLEXOLOGY

Symptom response analysis of a randomized controlled trial of reflexology for symptom management among women with advanced breast cancer. By Alla Sikorskii, Pratim Guha Niyogi, David Victorson, Deimante Tamkus, Gwen Wyatt. Pub. by Support Care Cancer 2020 Mar;28(3):1395-1404. PMID: 31267277 PMCID: PMC6939151 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04959-y

Reflexology was more successful than attention control in producing responses for pain, with no significant differences for other symptoms. In the reflexology group, greater probability of response across all symptoms was associated with lower number of comorbid condition and lower depressive symptomatology at baseline. Home-based caregiver-delivered reflexology was helpful in decreasing patient-reported pain. Age, comorbid conditions, and depression are potentially important tailoring factors for future research and can be used to identify patients who may benefit from reflexology.

BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

Expectancy and Utilisation of Reflexology among Women with Advanced Breast Cancer: Expectancy and Utilisation of Reflexology. By Benjamin M. Rottman, Gwen Wyatt, Tracy E Crane, Alla Sikorskii. Feb. 2020. Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being 12(2). DOI:10.1111/aphw.12194.

Assessing patterns of patient factors, expectancy, and change in symptoms can help determine who is likely to use reflexology, and when.

BREAST CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, FATIGUE, NAUSEA, VOMITTING, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, WOMEN

A systematic review association of reflexology in managing symptoms and side effects of breast cancer treatment. By Ausanee Wanchai, Jane M. Armer. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Volume 38, 2020, 101074, ISSN 1744-3881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101074.

The results showed that reflexology is associated with benefits for both psychological and physical aspects. Reflexology was reported to improve quality of life, but not for depression or anxiety. It was also beneficial for reducing fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, but not for peripheral neuropathy. Enough high level evidence has not been reported to confirm the effectiveness of reflexology on breast cancer symptom management.

2019

ANXIETY, PAIN, FATIGUE, CARE BURDEN SCORE, CANCER, CAREGIVERS

Caregiver-Delivered Foot Reflexology: Effects on Patients and Caregivers. By Sevgin Samancioglu Baglama, Ercan Bakir. Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2019; 33(6):338-345. PMID: 31609870 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000351.

Mean pain, anxiety, and fatigue levels significantly decreased for the patients who received foot reflexology from their caregivers for 15 days compared with patients in the control group. The mean care burden score of the caregivers in both groups decreased. Clinicians should teach caregiving practices such as foot reflexology and know that these practices are a positive influence on both patients and caregivers.

FATIGUE, PAIN, SLEEP, LYMPHOMA

The effect of foot reflexology on fatigue, pain, and sleep quality in lymphoma patients: A clinical trial. By Masoume Rambod, Nilofar Pasyar, Mohammad Shamsadini. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Dec; 43:101678. PMID: 31669916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101678

The results showed that reflexology could reduce fatigue and pain and improve the quality of sleep in patients with lymphoma. Considering the effectiveness of reflexology in lymphoma patients, healthcare workers including nurses are recommended to use this complementary therapy to reduce fatigue and pain and improve sleep quality in lymphoma patients.

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CANCER

Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology on peripheral neuropathy, peripheral skin temperature, anxiety, and depression in gynaecologic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A randomised controlled tria l. By Gie Ok Noh, Kyung Sook Park. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Oct; 42:82-89. PMID: 31473465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.08.007

An aroma self-foot reflexology intervention can reduce chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, anxiety, and depression in gynaecologic cancer patients. Further research is required to assess the effects of differences in the content of the intervention and the effects of various numbers of applications and durations of applications based on each individual patient's condition.

CANCER, PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSICAL EFFECTS, COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

A systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine in oncology: Psychological and physical effects of manipulative and body-based practices. By Calcagni N, Gana K, Quintard B. Pub. by PLoS One. 2019 Oct 17;14(10):e0223564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223564. PMID: 31622362; PMCID: PMC6797104.

These results seem to indicate that manipulative CAM may be effective on symptom management in cancer. However, more robust methodologies are needed. The methodological requirements of randomized controlled trials are challenging, and more informative results may be provided by more pragmatic study design.

SLEEP, CANCER

Integrative Approaches for Sleep Health in Cancer Survivors. By Garland, Sheila N. PhD∗†; Mahon, Kaitlyn BSc∗; Irwin, Michael R. MD. Pub. by The Cancer Journal 25(5):p 337-342, 9/10 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000398

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, mindfulness-based therapies, qigong/tai chi, and acupuncture have the most evidence for improving sleep and insomnia, whereas yoga, acupressure, massage, and reflexology are still being investigated or building their evidence base.

BREAST CANCER, WOMEN, WORKPLACE PRODUCTIVITY

Healthcare service utilization and work-related productivity in reflexology intervention for advanced breast cancer women. By Zhehui Luo, Liang Wang, Alla Sikorskii, Gwen Wyatt. Pub. by Support Care Cancer, 2019 Aug;27(8):2837-2847. PMID: 30552595 PMCID: PMC6570585 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4592-4

The reflexology intervention delivered by lay caregivers reduced hospital visits and increased workplace productivity in a short-term period, which has potential for cost saving for health care systems and employers.

SLEEP, FATIGUE, CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY

The effects of sleep hygiene education and reflexology on sleep quality and fatigue in patients receiving chemotherapy. By Leyla Zengin, Rukuye Aylaz. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2019 May; 28(3):e13020. PMID: 30784127 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13020.

The patients receiving chemotherapy had lower mean scores from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Fatigue Severity Scale while they had increased sleep quality and decreased fatigue after sleep hygiene education and reflexology.

PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSES, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

A Prospective Cohort Study on the Impact of Reflexology in Patients With Breast Cancer Using the MYCaW Scale. By Kapila AK, Herd A, Knife N, Chaplin P, Patel A. Pub. by Clin Breast Cancer. 2019 Apr;19(2):e319-e326. doi: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.12.007. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 30691931.

Our findings show that reflexology has significantly improved patient-reported outcomes using the MYCaW scale. These findings are encouraging and reflect that increased attention to strategies focusing on improving psychological well-being can help patients in managing their symptoms.

PAIN, STRESS, CHEMOTHERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The effect of foot reflexology massage on the stress and neuropathic pain caused by chemotherapy in women with breast cancer and genitalia. By Khazaei T, Rezaei Mohabbati H, Sebzari A R, Hosseini M. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. April 2019; 26 (1) :4-12.

Foot reflexology massage as an effective intervention in safe and effective nursing can reduce the pain and stress of cancer patients. Due to its simplicity and low cost, it can be used as a complement to other nurses' usual treatments and care.

PAIN, FATIGUE, QUALITY OF LIFE, CHEMOTHERAPY, GYNECOLOGIC CANCER PATIENTS

Effects of Reflexology and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Pain, Fatigue, and Quality of Life during Chemotherapy in Gynecologic Cancer Patients. By Hacer Alan Dikmen, Fusun Terzioglu. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019 Feb; 20(1):47-53. PMID: 29776873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.03.001

Reflexology and progressive muscle relaxation exercises given to gynecologic cancer patients during chemotherapy were found to decrease pain and fatigue and increase quality of life.

FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, WOMEN

The Effects of Reflexology on Fatigue Severity of Patients with Cancer. By Nourmohammadi H, Motaghi M, Borji M, Tarjoman A, Soltany B. Pub. by Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019 Feb 26;20(2):391-394. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.2.391. PMID: 30803197; PMCID: PMC6897012.

The present study showed that reflexology decrease fatigue severity in patients with breast cancer and community health nursing can to use of these complementary medicine to increase patients health conditions.

BLADDER CANCER, PAIN, CYSTECTOMY PATIENTS

Massage and reflexology for post-operative cancer cystectomy patients: Evaluation of a pilot service. By Natalie Silverdale, Mark Wherry, Alison Roodhouse. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019 Feb; 34:109-112. PMID: 30712712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.11.010

The findings of this pilot evaluation very tentatively support the benefits of cancer cystectomy patients receiving massage and/or reflexology in their acute postoperative recovery period. There are many limitations to this evaluation. Further research utilising a randomised control methodology alongside medical, independent markers is warranted, and currently in development.

2018

BREAST CANCER, PAIN, MOBILITY, LYMPHOEDEMA, WOMEN

Experiences of breast cancer related lymphoedema and the use of reflexology for managing swelling: A qualitative study. By Judith Whatley, Rachael Street, Sally Kay. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Aug; 32:123-129. PMID: 30057039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.006

The main conclusion from this qualitative evaluation was that participants perceived benefit on physical and psychological levels. Participation in the study appeared to help re-engagement with normal life. Further research is needed to quantify the changes in these parameters.

CHEMOTHERAPY, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CANCER

Reflexology in the management of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy: A pilot randomized controlled trial. By Seda Kurt, Gulbeyaz Can. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2018 Feb;32:12-19. PMID: 29353627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.001

It was determined that reflexology is not an effective method in the management of patients' activity levels, walking ability etc. and motor, autonomic functions related chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, but reflexology is effective method in the management of patients' sensory functions related chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

PAIN, INSOMNIA, FATIGUE, QUALITY OF LIFE, RADIATION THERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on the Pain-Insomnia-Fatigue Disturbance Cluster of Breast Cancer Patients During Adjuvant Radiation Therapy. By Ricardo Tarrasch, Narin N. Carmel-Neiderman, Sarah Ben-Ami, Bella Kaufman, Raphi Pfeffer, Merav Ben-David, and Dorit Gamus. Pub. by The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine201824:1,62-68.

The results of the present study indicate that reflexology may have a positive effect on fatigue, quality of sleep, pain, and quality of life in breast cancer patients during radiation therapy. Reflexology prevented the decline in quality of life and significantly ameliorated the fatigue and quality of sleep of these patients. An encouraging trend was also noted in amelioration of pain levels.

CANCER

Measuring patient response to clinical foot reflexology (CFR) delivery within a UK National Health Service cancer service By Abbigail Langstone-Wring and David Machin. Pub. by www.fht.org.uk.

Clinical Foot Reflexology has been shown to be a useful intervention for reducing stress and provides symptom relief in patients undergoing cancer treatment. We have demonstrated CFR can be integrated into a busy cancer ward and chemotherapy unit without inhibiting daily routines. The findings provide evidence of CFR activity which needs to be fully evaluated in RCTs.

2017

SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT, CANCER

Using SMART design to improve symptom management among cancer patients: A study protocol. By Sikorskii A, Wyatt G, Lehto R, Victorson D, Badger T, Pace T. Pub. by Res Nurs Health. 2017 Dec;40(6):501-511. doi: 10.1002/nur.21836. Epub 2017 Nov 11. PMID: 29130496; PMCID: PMC5726575.

In summary, the SMART design advances intervention science by optimizing individualized patient care for the best possible outcomes. This design leads to decision rules for personalized symptom management that are consistent with precision medicine. Once tested in a future confirmatory trial, these decision rules will allow clinicians to implement the most useful therapy (reflexology or meditative practices) that based on a given patient’s characteristics will reap the greatest benefit.

FATIGUE, ANXIETY, STRESS, RELAXATION, HAND MASSAGE, CHEMOTHERAPY OUTPATIENTS

Hand Massage for Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy as Outpatients: A Pilot Study. By Susanne M Cutshall, Saswati Mahapatra, Rebecca S Hynes, Kimberly M Van Rooy, Sherry A Looker, Aditya Ghosh, Cathy D Schleck, Brent A Bauer, Dietlind L Wahner-Roedler. Explore (NY). Nov-Dec 2017; 13(6):393-399. PMID: 29097109 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.06.007

Significant improvement after hand massage was indicated by VAS scores for fatigue, anxiety, muscular discomfort, nervousness, stress, happiness, energy, relaxation, calmness, and emotional well-being. All patients indicated that they would recommend hand massage to other patients, and 37 were interested in receiving it during their next chemotherapy treatment.

CANCER, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CHEMOTHERAPY

Reflexology in the management of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy(CIPN) : A pilot randomized controlled trial. By Seda Kurt, Gulbeyaz Can. Pub. by European J of Oncology Nursing Nov. 14, 2017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.001

It was determined that reflexology is not an effective method in the management of patients' activity levels, walking ability etc. and motor, autonomic functions related CIPN, but reflexology is effective method in the management of patients’ sensory functions related CIPN.

BREAST CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, WOMEN

The effect of reflexology on the quality of life with breast cancer patients. By Afitap Özdelikara, Mehtap Tan. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Volume 29, November 2017, Pages 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.09.004.

Reflexology was found to reduce the symptoms experienced by breast cancer patients, while at the same time increasing the functional and general health status.

BREAST CANCER,

A Randomized Clinical Trial of Caregiver-Delivered Reflexology for Symptom Management During Breast Cancer Treatment. By Wyatt G, Sikorskii A, Tesnjak I, Frambes D, Holmstrom A, Luo Z, Victorson D, Tamkus D. Pub. by J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017 Nov;54(5):670-679. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.037. PMID: 28743659; PMCID: PMC5650941.

Efficacy findings of caregiver-delivered reflexology with respect to symptom reduction open a new evidence-based avenue for home-based symptom management.

BREAST CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY,

Acupuncture and Reflexology for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Breast Cancer. By Idan Ben-Horin, Peretz Kahan, Larisa Ryvo, Moshe Inbar, Shahar Lev-Ari, Ravit Geva. Integr Cancer Ther. 2017 Sep; 16(3):258-262. PMID: 28150504 PMCID: PMC5759933 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417690254.

The results of this study demonstrated that a joint protocol of acupuncture and reflexology has a potential to improve symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in breast cancer patients. The protocol should be validated on a larger cohort with a control group. It also warrants testing as a preventive intervention.

FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER, CAREGIVERS,

Caregiver-Reported Health Outcomes: Effects of Providing Reflexology for Symptom Management to Women With Advanced Breast Cancer. By Dawn Frambes, Alla Sikorskii, Irena Tesnjak, Gwen Wyatt, Rebecca Lehto, Barbara Given. Pub. by Oncol Nurs Forum. 2017 Sep 1;44(5):596-605. PMID: 28820516 DOI: 10.1188/17.ONF.596-605.

Informal caregivers who provided reflexology to individuals with cancer did not have negative psychological, physical, or social outcomes. Fatigue levels were lower among caregivers who provided reflexology. Implications for nursing: Clinicians need to be aware that providing supportive care interventions, such as reflexology, to reduce symptom burden does not increase negative outcomes on informal caregivers who provide this care, and it may even lead to reduced fatigue.

BREAST CANCER, CARE GIVER DELIVERED REFLEXOLOGY, FIDELITY

Fidelity scorecard: evaluation of a caregiver-delivered symptom management intervention. By Frambes D, Lehto R, Sikorskii A, Tesnjak I, Given B, Wyatt G. Pub. by J Adv Nurs. 2017 Aug;73(8):2012-2021. doi: 10.1111/jan.13266. Epub 2017 Feb 27. PMID: 28122157; PMCID: PMC5505797.

Research findings that include description of how fidelity is both addressed and evaluated are necessary for clinical translation. Clinicians can confidently recommend symptom management strategies to patients and caregivers when fidelity standards are explicitly reported and measured.

CHEMOTHERAPY, NAUSEA, VOMITTING, FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER

The Effect of Reflexology on Chemotherapy-induced Nausea, Vomiting, and Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients. By Afitap Özdelikara, PhD and Mehtap Tan. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. 2017 Jul-Sep; 4(3): 241–249. PMCID: PMC5473096 PMID: 28695171

The present study showed that reflexology decreased the experience, development, distress of nausea, vomiting, and retching as well as fatigue in the experimental group. Hence, the use of reflexology is recommended for chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

FATIGUE, SLEEP, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, RADIATION THERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on the Pain-Insomnia-Fatigue Disturbance Cluster of Breast Cancer Patients During Adjuvant Radiation Therapy. By Ricardo Tarrasch, Narin Nard Carmel Neiderman, Sarah Ben-Ami, Bella Kaufman. April 2017 Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 24(1). DOI:10.1089/acm.2017.0023.

PAIN, FATIGUE, INCIDENCE OF DISTENSION, QUALITY OF LIFE, COLORECTAL CANCER

Effects of foot massage applied in two different methods on symptom control in colorectal cancer patients: Randomised control trial. By Uysal, N, Kutlutürkan, S, Uğur, I. Pub. by Int J Nurs Pract. 2017; 23:e12532. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12532

The classical massage was effective in reducing pain level and distension incidence while foot reflexology was effective in reducing pain and fatigue level, lowering incidence of distension and urinary frequency and improving life quality.

2016

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS, MASTECTOMY, CANCER, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology as an Add-on Intervention on Pain Among Women Having Undergone Mastectomy. By Nivya Lukose, Sheela Pavithran, K Anu. Nurs J India. 2016 Jul; 107(4):159-162. PMID: 30695377.

The findings revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the pain scores. A statistically significant reduction in physiologic parameters was also observed.

LYMPHOEDEMA, BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, WOMEN

Use of reflexology in managing secondary lymphoedema for patients affected by treatments for breast cancer: A feasibility study. By Judith Whatley, Rachael Street, Sally Kay, Philip E Harris. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May; 23:1-8. PMID: 27157950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.01.002

Reflexology lymphatic drainage may be a useful intervention for breast cancer related lymphoedema although the results could not be attributed to the reflexology intervention because of research design limitations. The main conclusion was, however, that there was sufficient evidence for further research using a randomized controlled trial.

2014

135 The effect of reflexology on quality of life with breast cancer. By A. Ozdelikara, M. Tan. Pub. by European Journal of Oncology Nursing Vol. 18 Supplement S42–S43 Issue: September, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-3889(14)70154-1

Research paper available for purchase only.

2012

CANCER, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Peripheral Neuropathy, Symptom Distress, Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Patients Treated with Oxaliplatin. By Lee SY, Ham YH, Ok ON, Kim EJ, Kwon IG, Hwang MS, Cho MS. Pub. by Asian Oncol Nurs. 2012 Dec;12(4):305-313. https://doi.org/10.5388/aon.2012.12.4.305

The experimental group who received foot reflexology experienced less peripheral neuropathy and symptom distress than the control group. There was no difference in anxiety and depression between the experimental and control group. Conclusion: The foot reflexology program adopted in this study was found to be an effective method to reduce peripheral neuropathy and symptom distress. We recommend foot reflexology for patients with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy.

QUALITY OF LIFE, BREAST CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY, HORMONAL THERAPY, WOMEN

Reflexology may be added to existing evidence-based supportive care to improve HRQOL for patients with advanced-stage breast cancer during chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy. Reflexology can be recommended for safety and usefulness in relieving dyspnea and enhancing functional status among women with advanced-stage breast cancer.

PAIN, STRESS, CANCER, NURSING HOME SENIORS

Reflexology versus Swedish Massage to Reduce Physiologic Stress and Pain and Improve Mood in Nursing Home Residents with Cancer: A Pilot Trial. By Nancy A Hodgson, Doreen Lafferty. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 456897. PMID: 22888364 PMCID: PMC3409545 DOI: 10.1155/2012/456897.

Both Reflexology and Swedish Massage resulted in significant declines in salivary cortisol and pain and improvements in mood. Conclusions. Preliminary data suggest that studies of Swedish Massage Therapy and Reflexology are feasible in this population of cancer survivors typically excluded from trials. Both interventions were well tolerated and produced measurable improvements in outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of these CAM modalities in this patient population.

Reflexology for the management of secondary lymphoedema in patients affected by treatment for breast cancer: An exploratory study. By Sally Kay, Judith Whatley, Philip Harris. Pub. by European Journal of Integrative Medicine 4(3):e359–e360 Sept. 2012 DOI:10.1016/j.eujim.2012.06.016

No abstract available.

2010

BREAST CANCER

Reflexology for the symptomatic treatment of breast cancer: a systematic review. By Jong-In Kim, Myeong Soo Lee, Jung Won Kang, Do Young Choi, Edzard Ernst. Integr Cancer Ther. 2010 Dec; 9(4):326-30. PMID: 21106613 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410387423

Collectively, the existing evidence does not convincingly show that reflexology is effective for breast cancer care. Future studies seem warranted; they should be of high methodological quality, and include adequate control interventions.

BREAST CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

A randomised, controlled trial of the psychological effects of reflexology in early breast cancer. By Donald M Sharp Mary B Walker, Amulya Chaturvedi, Sunil Upadhyay, Abdel Hamid, Andrew A Walker, Julie S Bateman, Fiona Braid, Karen Ellwood, Claire Hebblewhite, Teresa Hope, Michael Lines, Leslie G Walker. Eur J Cancer. 2010 Jan; 46(2):312-22. PMID: 19906525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.006

When compared to self-initiated support, reflexology and massage have statistically significant, and, for reflexology, clinically worthwhile, effects on quality of life following surgery for early breast carcinoma.

BREAST CANCER

Alterations in the Th1/Th2 balance in breast cancer patients using reflexology and scalp massage. By VICTORIA L. GREEN, AFRODITI ALEXANDROPOULOU, MARY B. WALKER, ANDREW A. WALKER, DONALD M. SHARP, LESLIE G. WALKER, and JOHN GREENMAN. Exp Ther Med. 2010 Jan-Feb; 1(1): 97–108: DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000018 PMCID: PMC3490382 PMID: 23136601

This study provides evidence that the immunological balance of patients can be altered in a potentially beneficial manner by massage.

BREAST CANCER, LYMPHOEDEMA, WOMEN

No abstract available.

2008

SYMPTOM RELIEF, CANCER

Reflexology for Symptom Relief in Patients With Cancer. By S. Wilkinson, K. Lockhart, L. Storey. Cancer Nursing: September 2008 - Volume 31 - Issue 5 - p 354-360. DOI: 10.1097/01.NCC.0000305756.58615.81

The review indicates that more studies of methodologically high quality are needed in this area.

PAIN, ANXIETY, DIGESTIVE CANCER

Effects of reflexotherapy on acute postoperative pain and anxiety among patients with digestive cancer. By Shiow-Luan Tsay, Hsiao-Ling Chen, Su-Chiu Chen, Hung-Ru Lin, Kuan-Chia Lin. Cancer Nurs. Mar-Apr 2008; 31(2):109-15. PMID: 18490886 DOI: 10.1097/01.NCC.0000305694.74754.7b

Results demonstrated that studied patients reported moderately high levels of pain and anxiety postoperatively while patients were managed with patient-controlled analgesia. Using generalized estimation equations and controlling for confounding variables, less pain (P < .05) and anxiety (P < .05) over time were reported by the intervention group compared with the control group. In addition, patients in the intervention group received significantly less opioid analgesics than the control group (P < .05). Findings from this study provide nurses with an additional treatment to offer postoperative digestive cancer patients.

2007

PAIN, ANXIETY, CANCER

Partner-delivered reflexology: effects on cancer pain and anxiety. By Nancy L N Stephenson, Melvin Swanson, Joann Dalton, Frances J Keefe, Martha Engelke. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2007 Jan; 34(1):127-32. PMID: 17562639 DOI: 10.1188/07.ONF.127-132

Following the initial partner-delivered foot reflexology, patients experienced a significant decrease in pain intensity and anxiety. Conclusions: A nurse reflexologist taught partners how to perform reflexology on patients with metastatic cancer pain in the hospital, resulting in an immediate decrease in pain intensity and anxiety; minimal changes were seen in the control group, who received usual care plus attention.

2006

ANXIETY, CANCER

Use of reflexology foot massage to reduce anxiety in hospitalized cancer patients in chemotherapy treatment: methodology and outcomes. By R. QUATTRIN,A. ZANINI,S. BUCHINI,D. TURELLO,M.A. ANNUNZIATA,C. VIDOTTI,A. COLOMBATTI,S. BRUSAFERRO. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol. 14, Issue 2, March 2006. 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00557.x

Reflexology foot massage can be considered a support treatment used in combination with traditional medical treatments and executed by an expert, qualified person to help cancer patients receiving chemotherapy feel better and also cope better with their disease.

2005

NAUSEA, VOMITING, FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The effects of foot reflexology on nausea, vomiting and fatigue of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. By Jin-Hyang Yang. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Feb;35(1):177-85. PMID: 15778569 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.177

Foot reflexology was effective on nausea, vomiting and fatigue in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in this study. Therefore, foot reflexology can be usefully utilized as a nursing intervention in the field of cancer nursing for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

2004

FATIGUE, CANCER, TERMINALLY ILL

Combined modality treatment of aromatherapy, footsoak, and reflexology relieves fatigue in patients with cancer. By Hiroyuki Kohara, Takako Miyauchi, Yoko Suehiro, Hiroshi Ueoka, Hiroyasu Takeyama, Tatsuya Morita. J Palliat Med.2004 Dec; 7(6):791-6. PMID: 15684846 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2004.7.791

Combined modality treatment consisting of aromatherapy, footsoak, and reflexology appears to be effective for alleviating fatigue in terminally ill cancer patients. To confirm safety and effectiveness of this combined modality treatment, further investigation including randomized treatment assignment is warranted.

FATIGUE, ANXIETY, EMOTIONAL STATE, CANCER, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

Effects of Hand Reflexology on Fatigue and Emotional State in Cancer Patients Receiving Radiotherapy. By Kim Myung Ae, Kim Su Jung, Kim Su Jin, Kim Yang Ji, (Keimyung University College of Nursing, Korea) Article 8 issue of Science nursing commandment No. 1, 2004. pp. 39- 47.

The degree of fatigue, anxiety, and mood state in the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the control group. The systolic blood pressure and pulse rate in the experimental group were lower than that of the control group, but diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group were not significantly lower than that of the control group.

ANXIETY, PULSE RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, CHILDREN, LEUKEMIA. CHEMOTHERAPY, HAND MASSAGE

Effect of Hand Massage on Nausea, Vomiting and Anxiety of Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia with High Dose Chemotherapy. By Ji-Eun Han, Master, RN, Young-Im Moon, PhD, and Ho-Ran Park, PhD. Keimyung University College of Nursing, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. 2004

In conclusion, hand massage could be effective in decreasing nausea, vomiting, state anxiety, pulse rate and blood pressure of acute leukemia children receiving high dose chemotherapy.

2003

PAIN, CANCER

The effect of foot reflexology on pain in patients with metastatic cancer. By Nancy Stephenson PhD, RN, CS., Jo Ann Dalton RN, Ed D, John Carlson MS. Applied Nursing Research. Volume 16, Issue 4, November 2003, Pages 284-286

Foot reflexology was found to have a positive immediate effect for patients with metastatic cancer who report pain, although there was no statistically significant effect at 3 hours after intervention or at 24 hours after intervention. Further study is suggested for foot reflexology delivered by family in the homes for management of cancer pain.

2002

PALLIATIVE CARE PATIENTS, TENSION, ANXIETY, WELL-BEING.

Evaluation of a hospice based reflexology service: a qualitative audit of patient perceptions. By Maureen Gambles, Maggie Crooke, Susie Wilkinson. Pub by European Journal of Oncology Nursing Vol. 6 Issue 1 p37–44 March, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1054/ejon.2001.0157

Patients' comments about the therapy and the service as a whole were overwhelmingly positive. They identified relaxation, relief from tension and anxiety, feelings of comfort and improved well-being as beneficial effects of their course of reflexology. Patients also spontaneously evaluated the experience holistically in terms of the wider therapeutic environment - the centre, the staff and the therapist as well as the therapy itself.

2000

PAIN, NAUSEA, CANCER

Foot massage. A nursing intervention to modify the distressing symptoms of pain and nausea in patients hospitalized with cancer. By L Grealish, A Lomasney, B Whiteman. Cancer Nurs. 2000 Jun;23(3):237-43. PMID: 10851775 DOI: 10.1097/00002820-200006000-00012

The use of foot massage as a complementary method is recommended as a relatively simple nursing intervention for patients experiencing nausea or pain related to the cancer experience. Further research into its effectiveness in the management of these symptoms by the family at home is warranted.

QUALITY OF LIFE, CANCER, PALLIATIVE

Does reflexology impact on cancer patients’ quality of life? By Heather Hodgson. Nursing Standard. 14, 31, 33-38. doi: 10.7748/ns2000.04.14.31.33.c2817

All participants felt that their quality of life had improved, even those who had received the placebo treatment. The reflexology group, however, reported more benefit than the placebo group. There was a significant difference (p=0.004) between the reflexology group and the placebo group. Conclusion: This study showed that reflexology does have an impact on the quality of life of patients in the palliative stage of cancer.

ANXIETY, PAIN, BREAST CANCER, LUNG CANCER

The effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients with breast and lung cancer. By N.L.N. Stephenson, Sally Weinrich, Abbas Tavakoli. Oncology Nursing Forum Jan-Feb 2000. 27(1): 67-72.

The significant decrease in anxiety observed in this sample of patients with breast and lung cancer following foot reflexology suggests that this may be a self-care approach to decrease anxiety in this patient population.